An Update on Inflamm-Aging: Mechanisms, Prevention, and Treatment

Table 1

Inflamm-aging-related mechanisms and regulated signaling pathways.

Mechanisms	Effects	Signaling pathways	References
Stress	Chronic antigen stressors lead to excessive stress response and contribute to inflamm-aging	Ras	[19, 20]
Oxidation-inflammation	Oxidative stress and inflammation influences the homeostasis and health of body	NF-κB, Notch, TGF-β, sirtuin	[10]
Cytokines	High levels of proinflammatory cytokines result in inflamm-aging and age-related diseases	mTOR, RIG-I, Notch	[29, 30, 52, 53]
DNA damage	DNA damage response increases proinflammatory cytokines	NF-κB	[36]
Autophagy	Autophagic function dysfunction leads to increased oxidative products and oxidative stress	NF-κB	[40, 41]
Stem cell aging	Chronic inflammation induces stem cell aging and inhibits the regenerative capacity of stem cells	NF-κB, mTOR, RIG-I	[42]