New Mechanisms of Tumor-Associated Macrophages on Promoting Tumor Progression: Recent Research Advances and Potential Targets for Tumor Immunotherapy

Table 2

Immunotherapies targeting TAMs.

Therapeutic approaches	Cancer	Drugs	Ref.
Killing TAMs or inhibiting TAM recruitment and differentiation
Blocking the murine or human IL-4 receptor α (IL4Rα or CD124)	—	RNA aptamer	[125]
Inducing apoptosis in TAMs via Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 potassium channels	—	Membrane-permeant drugs	[118]
Selectively cytotoxic for TAMs and their circulating precursors (monocytes) by activating caspase 8-dependent apoptosis	Sarcoma and ovarian carcinoma	Trabectedin	[126]
Reducing macrophage motility, inhibiting macrophage infiltration of irradiated tumors	Colon carcinoma	Dequalinium-14	[12]
Suppressing of tumor-associated macrophage differentiation	Gallbladder cancer	Interferon-γ	[120]
Regulation of TAM polarization
Reversing TAM orientation and polarization from M2- to M1-type TAMs	Breast cancer	Dimethyl sulfoxide	[124]
Reeducating CD163^+ TAMs to M1 macrophages through TLR4-mediated pathway	MPE	PA-MSHA	[23]
Shifting the M1/M2 TAMs balance by M-CSFR signaling blockade	Lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma	Anti-M-CSFR antibody	[125]
Modulating the M2/M1 macrophage ratio	Lung cancer	IFNγ and/or celecoxib	[126]
Blocking factors and pathways associated with protumor function of TAMs
Inhibiting the paracrine loop between TAM and PCa cells via NF-κB regulation	Prostate cancer	Somatostatin derivate (smsDX)	[128]
Suppressing chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 expression in tumor-associated macrophage	Lung carcinoma	Luteolin	[129]
Inhibiting macrophage-induced EMT by downregulation of EGFR pathway	Non-small cell lung cancer	Cannabinoid receptor-2 agonist	[69]