Overview of Celiac Disease in Russia: Regional Data and Estimated Prevalence

Table 3

Screening results of CD prevalence obtained from geographically distinct regions of Russia.

Region	Year	Participants	Age group	Sex ratio (m%/f %)	Screening test	Number screened	Screen positive	Biopsy	Number biopsied	CD	Author
Karelia region	1997–2001	Schoolchildren	Children (mean age )	49.5/51.5	Anti-tTG	1988	8	Yes	4	1 : 496 (0.20%)	Kondrashova et al. [25]
Ryazan region	ND	Healthy blood donors	Adults	69.9/30.1	Anti-tTG	1740	41	Yes	10	1 : 174 (0.57%)	Stroikova et al. [44]
Irkutsk region	2011	Specific	Children (6 mths–18 yrs)	52.0/48.0	Anti-tTG	1441	390	Yes	60	1 : 18 (5.56%)	Reshetnik et al. [34]
			Adults	33.4/66.6		1402	271	Yes	45	1 : 31 (3.32%)
	2014	Specific	Children (6 mths–18 yrs)	51.9/48.1		1775	494	Yes	12	1 : 40 (2.50%)	Reshetnik et al. [64]
Krasnodar region	2010	Specific	Children (6 mths–18 yrs)	46.9/53.1	Anti-tTG and/or AEA	742	54	Yes	54	1 : 36.6 (2.73%)	Tlif et al. [30]
Moscow	2003–2007	Specific	Adults	19.8/80.2	Anti-tTG	363	58	Yes	58	1 : 6.2 (15.98%)	Gudkova et al. [65]
	2012	Specific	Adults (mean age )	ND		318	6	Yes	5	1 : 106 (0.94%)	Bykova et al. [66]
Nizhny Novgorod region	2008	Specific	Adults	ND	Anti-tTG	1045	251	Yes	311	1 : 7.6 (13.16%)	Repin et al. [67]
Ryazan region	2002–2006	Specific	Children (6 mths–18 yrs)	57.4/42.6	Anti-tTG	256	4	Yes	4	1 : 57 (1.75%)	Stroikova et al. [68]

with symptoms suggestive of CD: malabsorption syndrome, chronic abdominal pain, cramping or distension, chronic or intermittent diarrhea, growth failure, iron-deficiency anemia, weight loss, chronic fatigue, short stature, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers), dermatitis herpetiformis-type rash, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, vitiligo, bronchial asthma, and so forth.
were recruited among patients from specialized gastrointestinal clinics.
with symptoms suggestive of CD (chronic or intermittent diarrhea, failure to thrive, weight loss, stunted growth, delayed puberty, amenorrhea, iron-deficiency anemia, chronic abdominal pain, cramping or distension, chronic fatigue, recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers), dermatitis herpetiformis-like rash, and atopic dermatitis) and asymptomatic patients at increased risk for CD (type 1 diabetes mellitus, Down syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, and first-degree relatives with CD).
ND: not determined.