Bacteriophages and Their Immunological Applications against Infectious Threats

Table 2

Biofilm control by EPS depolymerase studies in vitro.

Target pathogen	Observations	Concerns	References
Pseudomonas putida	Biofilm clearance: significant variations; between bacterial strains upon biofilm aging	Reduction of aged biofilm susceptibility to; phage infection because of their thickness and; phenotypic changes	[74]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Greater biofilm clearance if cotreated with ciprofloxacin	Possible inhibition of depolymerase activity; by ciprofloxacin	[75]
Escherichia coli	Depolymerase-producing phage construct; capable of biofilm clearance	Results obtained for an engineered T7 strain	[76]
Enterobacter cloace	Biofilm clearance with depolymerase-producing; phage; enhancement of chemical antibacterial; penetration after phage-free; depolymerase treatment	Combinations of three phages required; for eradication of single-species biofilms; ineffective treatment of dual-species biofilms	[77]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Old biofilm clearance (20 days)	Bacteriophage migration facilitated by; reduction of alginate viscosity	[78]
Enterobacter agglomerans; and Serratia marcescens	Phage-resistant bacteria biofilm clearance with; treatment of phage or phage-free depolymerase	Little differences in the chemical composition; of EPS prevent the degradation of the polymer	[79]
Enterobacter agglomerans	Dual-species biofilm clearance with phage-free; depolymerase	Specific depolymerase: no degradation of; single biofilms of Klebsiella pneumoniae’s EPS	[80]