The Potential of MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Transplant Rejection

Table 2

Human miRNA expression in different types of transplantation.

	MicroRNA	lncRNA and piRNA	Target	Source	Method	Groups	Ref.
Liver	miR-122, miR-148a, miR-194	N/A	N/A	Biopsy; Serum	TaqMan miRNA assay	AR (); Control (); Total LivertTx ()	[16]
	miR-122, miR-155	N/A	BAAT, STAT-1	Biopsy	qPCR	RHC (); AR ()	[17]
	miR-146a, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-200a, miR-141, miR-203, miR-20b, miR-205, miR-33a, let-7e, miR-150, miR-34c-5p, miR-342-5p, miR-181c-5p, miR-29a, miR-19a, miR-204, miR-20a, miR-328, miR-1336, miR-223, miR-210, miR-503	N/A	TGFβR2, SMAD4, EGFR, VGFA, IL-8, IL-6, CCL8, CD40L, IRS2, TLR4, c-Myb, STAT-1, IGF1, VGFA	Biopsy	GeneChip 2.0 Affymetrix and qPCR	Slow fibrosis progressors (); Fast progressors (); AR (); Control ()	[18]
	let-7c, miR-23b, miR-122, miR-150	N/A	N/A	Serum	TaqMan miRNA Assay	OBI (); HBV (); Control ()	[19]
Lung	miR-144	N/A	TGIF1 (TGF beta signaling)	Biopsy/BAL cells	TaqMan miRNA assay	BOS+ (); BOS− ()	[20]
	let-7c, miR-10a, miR-98, miR-99a, miR-101, miR-125a-5p, miR-125b, miR-135b, miR-137, miR-148b, miR-184, miR-190, miR-199b, miR-203, miR-219, miR-299-5p, miR-302b, miR-335, miR-338-3p, miR-369-5p, miR-381, miR-450a, miR-499, miR-518f, miR-548c-5p, miR-551b, miR-627, miR-708, miR-874, miR-208, miR-875-5p, miR-302c, miR-18b, miR-133b, miR-134, miR-145, miR-187, miR-214, miR-433, miR-489, miR-494, miR-503, miR-542-5p, miR-548d, miR-628-5p, miR-144	N/A	TGF beta and B- cell receptor signaling	BAL cells/PBMCs	TaqMan low-density array, TaqMan miRNA assay	DSA+BOS− (); DSA+BOS+ (); DSA−BOS− ()	[21]
	364 differentially expressed, miR-299-3p, miR-29b-1 , miR-34a, miR-451, miR-519e, miR-629, miR-590-5p, miR-381, miR-374a, miR-28-5p, miR-126, miR-27b	N/A	TCF4, LRRC8B, C14orf2, FUT8, C14orf135, ATR, PYHINI, TCF4, CA1, NFKBIA, NFIL3, DOCK4, PLK2	PBMCs	Exiqon miRCURY LNA array	LTx (); Control ()	[22]
	miR-16, miR-195	N/A	Rfx5; MHC CII	BAL cells	TaqMan miRNA assay,; qPCR	DSA+ (); DSA−BOS− ()	[23]
Renal	miR-658, miR-629, miR-628, miR-602, miR-381, miR-125a, miR-663, miR-654, miR-611, miR-524, miR-483, miR-346, miR-326, miR-324, miR-125b-2, miR-125b-1	NR_001562, NR_002791, NR_002909, NR_002941, NR_003024, NR_003130, NR_003573, NR_023318, NR_024080, NR_024332, NR_024400, NR_024418, NR_024611, NR_026550, NR_026576, NR_026695, NR_027303, uc001pyd, uc002nyb, uc002zic, uc002zpx, uc003akf, uc003bgk, uc003dwf, uc003syy, uc003tsq, uc003wcs, uc003zfx, uc010akv, uc010gqe, uc010kwo, uc010lqx	AP-1, AP-4, STATx, c-Myc, p53	Biopsy	Exiqon MiRNA microarray, LncRNA expression microarray	AR (); Control ()	[24]
	miR-99b, miR-23b, let-7b-5p, miR-30a, miR-145	N/A	N/A	Biopsy	NanoString assay, TaqMan miRNA assay	APN (),; AR (); Control ()	[25]
	miR-146a C>G (rs2910164), miR-149 T>C (rs2292832), miR-196a2 (rs11614913), miR-499a A>G (rs3746444)	N/A	N/A but twofold increased risk for overall survival	Biopsy	Genomic DNA sequencing	ESRD: AR (); Non-AR ()Control ()	[26]
	miR-142-5p, miR-155, miR-223, miR-30a-3p, miR-10b, let-7c	N/A	CD3, NKCC-2	Biopsy (PBMCs/HRECs)	TaqMan low-density array, qPCR analysis	AR (); Normal ()	[27]
	miR-10b	N/A	BCL2L11	Biopsy	Next-generation sequencing, qRT-PCR	AR (); Normal ()	[28]
	miR-99a, miR-100, miR-151a, let-7a, let-7c, let-7f	N/A	N/A	Serum	TaqMan miRNA Assay	AR (); Control (); DGF ()	[29]
	miR-324-3p, miR-611, miR-654, miR-330_MM1, miR-524, miR-17-3p_MM1, miR-483, miR-663, miR-516-5p, miR-326, miR-197_MM2, miR-346, miR-658, miR-125a_MM1, miR-320, miR-381, miR-628, miR-602, miR-629, miR-125a	N/A	RIMBP2, GTDC1, NTRK2, CCDC21, SAMD4B, SYS1, SYNGR1, PTPN9, ETF1, BCL6, ACBR2B, NFIB, RAB11FIP2, ARID4B, PTCH1, HD, HABP4, FOXG1B, H1F0, EDEM1, ZNF673	Biopsy	Exiqon MiRNA microarray	AR (),; Control ()	[30]
	miR-182-5p, miR-21-3p	N/A	FOXO1, BCL2	Biopsy	GeneChip miRNA 3.0, qPCR	DSA+ AR (); AKI (); Control ()	[31]
	miR-450b-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-876-3p, miR-106b, miR-508-3p, miR-148b, miR-324-5p, miR-98	N/A	TGFβ-1	PBMCs, B-cells	TLDA microRNA cards pool A, TaqMan qPCR	Operationally; tolerant (); STA ()	[32]
	miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-210	N/A	N/A	Urine	TaqMan qPCR	Acute cellular rejection; (); Control ()	[33]
	miR-25, miR-181a, miR-204, miR-192, miR-10b, miR-142-3p, miR-215, miR-342-3p, miR-615-3p	N/A	PRMT5, TP53, CDX2, ATM, HIPK2, TGFβR1, TGFβR2, SNAI1, SPDEF, MAD2L1, HRH1, LMNB2, DTL, NCOR2, RAC1, ACVR2B	Biopsy	Whole genome microarrays, microfluidic qPCR	AR (); Control ()	[34]
Cardiac	miR-10a, miR-21, miR-31, miR-92a, miR-142-3p, miR-155, miR-451	N/A	Inhibition of NFkB signaling pathway, inflammatory pathways E-selectin, ICAM-1, α5, S1P1, MKK4, eNOS	Serum	qPCR analysis	AR (); Control ()	[35]
	miR-326, miR-142-3p, miR-101, miR-144, miR-27a, miR-424, miR-339-3p	N/A	N/A	Serum	qPCR analysis	Before AR (); During AR (); After AR ()	[36]
BM	miR-27b-3p, miR-10a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-3168, miR-22-3p, miR-378a-3p, miR-205-5p, miR-423-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-148a-3p, miR-486-5p, miR-28-3p, miR-4792, let-7a-5p, miR-3182, miR-423-3p	piR_004307_DQ575881, piR_017723_DQ594464, piR_020814_DQ598650, piR_016745_DQ593052, piR_002732_DQ573682	EGR2, CEBPA, ANXA1, MPL, ZFP36, CCL3, CSF2, IL1b, CXCR4, GATA1, MPO, SLC2A5, SLAMF8, CYP1B1	MSC and cord blood CD34+	Next-generation sequencing and qPCR	CD34+ with EVs (); CD34+ Control (); EVs ()	[37]

Occult HBV infection (OBI), hepatitis B virus (HBV), acute rejection (AR), sustained responders (SR), acute pyelonephritis (APN), bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), development of antibodies to HLA (DSA), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), delayed graft function (DGF), acute tubular necrosis without rejection (AKI), stable patients treated with conventional immunosuppression (STA), extracellular vesicle (EV), recurrent hepatitis C (RHC), peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), human renal epithelial cell (HRECs), and bone marrow (BM) bold = second validation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. = star strand of the miRNA duplex (less predominant loaded to RISC).