The Role of Proteinase-Activated Receptors 1 and 2 in the Regulation of Periodontal Tissue Metabolism and Disease

Table 2

Biological effects of PAR₁ activation in periodontal cells.

PAR1	Periodontal destruction	Periodontal repair/protection
Oral epithelial cells	↑ IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα [52]; ↑ CXCL 5 [16]
Gingival fibroblasts		↑ HGF [50]; ↑ endothelin-1 [14]
Osteoblasts	↑ COX-2 [51]; ↑ IL-6 [51]; ↑ PGE2 [51]	↑ TGF-β [51]; ↑ FGF-1/FGF-2 [51]; ↑ CTFG [51]
Periodontal ligament cells		↑ osteoprotegerin [12]
Monocytic cells	↑ IL-8 [17]

PAR: protease-activated receptor; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine; COX: cyclooxygenase; PGE: prostaglandin E; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; TGF: transforming growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; CTFG: connective tissue growth factor.