Review Article

MRI in Glioma Immunotherapy: Evidence, Pitfalls, and Perspectives

Table 1

iRANO criteria (modified from [14]).

RANO criteria for high-grade gliomas

Complete response (CR)(i) Disappearance of all enhancing
   disease for ≥4 weeks AND
(ii) No new lesions AND
(iii) Stable/improved T2/FLAIR AND
(iv) No more than physiologic
    steroids AND
(v) Stable/improved clinically

Partial response (PR)(i) ≥50% ↓ sum of biperpendicular
   diameters of enhancing disease
   for ≥4 weeks AND
(ii) No new lesions AND
(iii) Stable/improved T2/FLAIR AND
(iv) Stable/improved steroids AND
(v) Stable/improved clinically

Stable disease (SD)(i) Does not qualify for CR, PR,
   and PD AND
(ii) No new lesions AND
(iii) Stable/improved T2/FLAIR AND
(iv) Stable/improved steroids AND
(v) Stable/improved clinically

Progressive disease (PD)(i) ≥25% ↑ sum of biperpendicular
   diameters of enhancing disease OR
(ii) New lesions OR
(iii) Significant worsened
    T2/FLAIR OR
(iv) Significant clinical decline

iRANO criteria

If ≤6 months
after start of IT
If >6 months
after start of IT

Is a repeat scan required
to confirm radiographic
PD for patients without
significant clinical decline?
YesNo

Minimal time interval for
confirmation of progression
for patients without
significant clinical decline
≥3 monthsNot applicable

Is further immunotherapy
(IT) treatment allowed
after initial radiographic
PD (if clinically stable)
pending progression
confirmation?
YesNot applicable

Does a new lesion
define PD?
NoYes