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| Authors | Materials | Models of diseases | Conclusions |
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| Sriram et al. (1999) | 17 patients with relapsing-remitting MS, 20 patients with progressive MS, and 27 patients with other neurological diseases (OND) | MS | CNS infections; Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common occurrence in patients with MS. Although Chlamydia pneumoniae may be a pathogenic factor of MS, it may simply be a secondary infection of damaged tissues of the CNS. |
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| Becher et al. (2001) | Mice | EAE | CD40-CD154 interactions in the CNS are key determinants for the development and progression of the disease.
No CD40 expression in cells of the CNS reduces the intensity and duration of myelin oligodendrocyte and glycoprotein-induced EAE and reduces the degree of infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS. |
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| Oksenberg et al. (2008) | Mice | EAE | EAE is considered a model of autoimmune diseases, including MS. |
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| Ezendam and van Loveren (2008); Ezendam et al. (2008) | Mice | EAE | Reduced symptoms in mice infected with Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Bifidobacterium animalis. |
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| Yokote et al. (2008) | Mice | MS | Low-calorie diet alleviates the symptoms of MS. |
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| Hawker et al. (2009) | Adults with primary progressive MS | MS | Rituximab monoclonal antibody, selective cell killing CD20, proved effective in reducing disease activity in relapsing-remitting MS. |
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| Lavasani et al. (2009) | Mice with the strains of Lactobacillus | EAE | The administration of probiotic lactic acid has a positive effect on the autoimmune disease by the production of IL-10 and stimulation of Treg cells. |
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| Barnett et al. (2009) | Patients with MS and other neurological diseases | MS | IgG disrupted myelin in MS. |
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| Ochoa et al. (2010) | Mice after treatment with antibiotics and infected with B. fragilis | EAE | Antibiotic therapy can protect against EAE; a similar effect is observed for B. fragilis (commensal bacteria). |
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| Farooqi et al. (2010) | Mice | EAE | EAE has similar features to inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss, and gliosis. |
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| Lee et al. (2011) | Mice | EAE | SFB induce Th17 immune response. |
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| Farrokhi et al. (2013) | Patients with and without MS concentration of lipid 624 | MS | Lipid 624 (TLR2 ligand) occurs in lower concentrations in patients with MS [12]. |
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| Rumah et al. (2013) | Patients with MS and healthy individuals | MS | CSF obtained from two tissues; immunity to ETX is 10 times more frequent in individuals with MS compared to healthy subjects, indicating prior exposure to ETX in MS population. |
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| Chiurchiù et al. (2013) | Healthy people and MS patients | MS | pDC from patients with MS and production of higher levels of interleukin-12 and interleukin-6, whereas pDC had lower levels of interferon-α compared to healthy subjects. |
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| Tauschmann et al. (2013) | Healthy young people | Autoimmune disease | The imbalance between the bacteria and the intestinal immune system leading to overstimulation of the immune system.Treg cells have inhibitory effects on the cells in autoimmune diseases. |
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| Reichelt et al. (2014) | Patients with MS | MS | The increase of IgA may be secondary to an increase in the intestinal absorption. |
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| Miyake et al. (2015) | Patients with MS | MS | Patients with MS are characterized by moderate dysbiosis. The decrease in the percentage of several Bacteroides, including B. stercoris, B. coprophilus, and B. coprocola. |
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| Nicol et al. (2015) | Mice | EAE | Reduction of the severity of symptoms after antibiotic treatment.
Decrease in the amount of IFN-γ, MIP-1a, MIP-1 p, MCP-1, IL-17, and IL-6 and increase in the amount of IL-10 and IL 13. |
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