Audiovestibular Symptoms in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

Table 1

Systemic autoimmune diseases associated to audiovestibular symptoms.

Autoimmune disease	Prevalence of audiovestibular involvement	Classification	Literature reference
Systemic lupus erythematosus	6–70%	Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders	[15, 16, 18]; [29–37]; [38]
Cogan syndrome	31–45%	Systemic vasculitis	[39–44]; [45]
Sarcoidosis	5–96%	Systemic granulomatous diseases	[46–50]; [51]
Rheumatoid arthritis	25–72%	Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders	[24]; [52–54]
Antiphospholipid syndrome	Case reports only	Autoimmune hypercoagulable condition	[55–60]
Polyarteritis nodosa	Case reports only	Systemic vasculitis	[61–70]; [71]
Behcet’s disease	12–80%	Systemic vasculitis	[72–77]; [45]
Takayasu’s arteritis	Case reports only	Systemic vasculitis	[78–85]; [79]; [86]
Relapsing polychondritis	40–54%	Autoimmune connective tissue disorder	[23]; [87–92]; [93]
Wegener’s granulomatosis	8–65%	Systemic vasculitis	[94–97]
Susac’s syndrome	Case reports only	Systemic vasculitis	[98–102]; [103]
Sjögren’s syndrome	22–46%	Systemic autoimmune rheumatic disorders	[22]; [104–109]; [110]
Myasthenia gravis	22–34%	Autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular junction	[111–119]; [120]
Multiple sclerosis	1–28%	Autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease	[4, 15]; [121–129]; [130]
Hashimoto thyroiditis	Case reports only	Autoimmune thyroid disease	[131]
Mixed cryoglobulinemia	22%	Systemic vasculitis	[132]
Giant cell arteritis	7–100%	Systemic vasculitis	[133–135]
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada’s disease	48–62%	Systemic granulomatous diseases	[136]
Ulcerative colitis	2–5%	Autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease	[137, 138]

Summary of systemic autoimmune diseases that have been reported to be associated to audiovestibular symptoms, along with reported prevalence of audiovestibular involvement, classification, and relevant references.