The Anti-Inflammatory Mediator, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Modulates the Differentiation and Function of Th Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Figure 1

Effect of VIP on RA. VIP is a microenvironment mediator capable of modulating all the stages in RA from the arrival of pathogens to the differentiation of Th cells. It exerts a direct antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens, modulates TLR expression and function in several cells, decreases proinflammatory mediators in lymphocytes and FLS, and modulates the differentiation of several Th cells, including a decrease in the pathogenic profile and plasticity of some of them. PRRs: pattern recognition receptors; FLS: fibroblast-like synoviocytes; PBL: peripheral blood lymphocytes; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis mouse model.