Modulation of Immune-Inflammatory Responses in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Emerging Molecular Targets

Table 1

Treatment effects of different immune therapeutic targets on the AAA progression.

Target	Treatment effect	Agent	Model	Reference
Immune system	Decrease aortic dilatation	Immunosuppressive agents	Elastase-induced rat aneurysm	[18]
TLR2	Decrease chronic inflammation, vascular remodeling and AAA formation	TLR2-neutralizing mAb	AngII-induced mouse aneurysm	[30]
TLR4	Repress aneurysm recurrence	Alginate oligosaccharide	Aneurysm patients	[31]
TLR4/MyD88	Attenuates AAA formation	Tanshinone IIA	Elastase-induced rat aneurysm	[32]
TLR4/JNK	Inhibit experimental AAA development	Rosiglitazone	AngII-induced mouse aneurysm	[33]
CXCR4	Suppress AAA formation and progression	AMD3100	CaCl2-induced mouse aneurysm	[50]
CCR2 monocytes	Decrease aortic dilatation	Everolimus	Angiotensin II- (A2-) infused apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse	[58]
Complement alternative pathway	Prevent aneurysm formation	Properdin-free AP C3 convertase	Elastase-induced mouse aneurysm	[62]
M1/M2 macrophages polarization	Inhibit AAA formation	D-series resolvins	Elastase-induced mouse aneurysm	[70]
Foxp3(+) Tregs	Decrease incidence (52%) and mortality (17%) of AAA	Interleukin-2 complex	Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-cholesterol diet with angiotensin II	[110]
B cells	Prevent experimental AAA formation	Anti-CD20 antibody	Elastase perfusion or angiotensin II infusion apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse	[128]
Mast cells	No difference with the placebo group	Pemirolast	Medium-sized AAA patient	[139]
Neutrophils	Inhibit experimental AAA formation	Antineutrophil antibody	Elastase-induced mouse aneurysm	[11]
NETs	Attenuate AAA formation	Cl-amidine, an inhibitor NET formation	Elastase-induced mouse aneurysm	[146]