Asymptomatic HIV People Present Different Profiles of sCD14, sRAGE, DNA Damage, and Vitamins, according to the Use of cART and CD4⁺ T Cell Restoration

Table 1

Epidemiological and clinical characterization of 92 HIV-infected individuals studied.

Variables	nIR^(1)	nAR^(2)	LTNP^(3)	tAR^(4)	tIR^(5)	value
Age (ME ± SD; years)	34.0 ± 8.3	36.9 ± 9.4	35.8 ± 6.2	39.1 ± 7.1	40.0 ± 7.1	0.057
Males (n/%)	14/70.0%	13/65.0%	5/41.6%	10/50.0%	13/65.0%	0.288
Heterosexual (n/%)	12/60.0%	14/70.0%	10/83.3%	15/75.0%	14/70.0%	0.600
Single (n/%)	14/70.0%	13/65.0%	7/58.3%	11/55.0%	15/75.0%	0.695
Smokers (n/%)	7/35.0%	3/15.0%	4/33.3%	3/15.0%	4/20.0%	0.531
Physical activity (n/%)	2/10.0%	5/25.0%	2/16.6%	6/30.0%	3/15.0%	0.304
Antidepressants (n/%)	2/10.0%	1/5.0%	0/0.0%	0/0.0%	1/5.0%	0.859
CD4^+ T (ME ± SD; cells)	341.6 ± 121.9^(2–4)	699.3 ± 142.8	862.1 ± 360.1	833.7 ± 212.5	343.3 ± 140.0^(2–4)	<0.001
CD8^+ T (ME ± SD; cells)	1120.2 ± 903.0	1431.1 ± 739.9^(4, 5)	1261.3 ± 672.6	899.7 ± 292.6	880.1 ± 579.9	<0.010
Nadir CD4 (ME ± SD; cells)	316.5 ± 143.7^(2)	568.7 ± 122.9	526.5 ± 244.5	294.4 ± 162.2^(1, 2)	98.1 ± 92.4^all	<0.010
VL (ME ± SD; RNA copies)	527 ± 1394^(2, 3)	67 ± 58	36 ± 79	Undetectable	Undetectable	<0.001
HIV diagnosis (ME ± SD; years)	2.1 ± 1.0^(4, 5)	1.9 ± 0.8^(4, 5)	7.6 ± 2.2	14.5 ± 3.9	10.6 ± 4.3	<0.010
Time of cART (ME ± SD; years)	—	—	—	9.0 ± 4.4	8.3 ± 3.5	ne
PI-based scheme (n/%)	—	—	—	13/32.5%	10/25.0%	0.587
NNRTI-based scheme (n/%)	—	—	—	7/17.5%	8/20.0%	0.500
Rescue therapy (n/%)	—	—	—	0/0.0%	2/5.0%	0.269

cART: combined antiretroviral therapy; ne: not evaluated; ME: mean; SD: standard deviation; n: number of subjects; VL-HIV plasma viral load (expressed in copies × 10³/ml); CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cell counts (expressed in number of cells/mm³); nIR, 20 cART-naïve with CD4⁺ T < 500 cells/mm³; nAR, 20 naïve with CD4⁺ T > 500; LTNP, 12 naïve with CD4⁺ T > 500 and infection for more than five years; tAR, 20 cART patients with undetectable VL and CD4⁺ T > 500 for more than five years; tIR, 20 cART patients with undetectable VL and CD4⁺ T < 500 for more than 5 years; IP: protease inhibitor; NNRTI: nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Statistical tests: negative binomial, ANOVA, Poisson, and Chi-square. Statistical differences between specified groups (1–5).