Regulation of Immune Cell Functions by Metabolic Reprogramming

Figure 2

Metabolism of glucose and fatty acid at a glance. (a) Stabilization of HIF-1α upregulates GLUTs, HK2, PFK2, PKM2, LDH, PDK, and MCT4 shown in red. ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; ARG: arginase; CPT-1: carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; FAT: fatty acid translocase; G3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GLUT: glucose transporter; HK2: hexokinase 2; IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase; LCFacyl-CoAs: long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs; MCT: monocarboxylate transporter; 2PG: 2-phosphoglycerate; 3PG: 3-phosphoglycerate; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PFK: phosphofructokinase; PS: pyruvate symporter; SDH: succinate dehydrogenase; TAG: triacylglyceride; TCAT: tricarboxylic acid transporter. (b) A schematic of the Krebs cycle and metabolites exported out of the mitochondria. Arginine is metabolized to urea and ornithine in M2-like macrophages that do not express NOS. ARG: arginase; NOS: nitric oxide synthase.

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