Programmed Cell Death Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Table 1

Possible therapeutic targets for SLE.

Targets	Inhibitors	Death pathway	References
Autophagy	Chloroquine	NETosis	[51, 66, 168]
Ca2^+	Cyclosporine A/tacrolimus	NETosis	[48]
ROS	N-Acetyl cysteine/polydatin	NETosis	[82]
Mitochondrial ROS	Mito TEMPO	NETosis	[48]
MPO	PF1355	NETosis	[48]
NE	Vitamin D	NETosis	[7]
PAD4	Cl-amidine	NETosis	[76, 79]
DNA	DNase	NETosis	[75]
P2X7 receptor	Brilliant blue G	Pyroptosis	[106]
NLRP3 inflammasome	MCC950/AZD1208	Pyroptosis	[102, 108]
AIM2	/	Pyroptosis
Caspase-1	zVAD-fmk	Pyroptosis	[110]
GSDMD	LDC7559	Pyroptosis	[100]
GSDME	/	Pyroptosis
IL-18	Monoclonal antibody of IL-18	Pyroptosis	[48]
RIPK1	Nec-1	Necroptosis	[122]
RIPK3	miRNA-223-3p	Necroptosis	[137]
MLKL	MicroRNA-500a-3p	Necroptosis	[136]
mTOR	Rapamycin/glucocorticoids	Autophagy	[165, 166]
Autophagic-lysosomal degradation	Chloroquine	Autophagy	[155]
Autophagosomes	Vitamin D	Autophagy	[161]