Functions of Exosomes in the Triangular Relationship between the Tumor, Inflammation, and Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment

Table 1

Exosome functions in the tumor microenvironment: effects on the tumor, immunity, and inflammation.

Tumor type	Exosome content	Exosome origin	Effector cells	Effector components
Melanoma	miR-Rab27a	Tumor	CD4^+ T cells	BCL-2, BCL-xL
LC, breast cancer	/	Tumor	CD4^+IFN-γ^+ Th1 cells, DCs	/
HNC	/	Tumor	CD8^+ T cells	CD27/CD28, IFN-γ
EOC	miR-29a-3p, miR-21-5p	Macrophage	Treg/Th17 cells	STAT3 signaling, Treg/Th17 ratios
HCC	HMGB1	Tumor	T cells, TIM-1^+ Breg cells, CD8^+ T cells	TLR/MAPK pathway, IL-10
Leukemia	lncRNA HOTAIR	Tumor	T lymphocytes, CD4^+/CD8^+ T cells	Wnt/β-catenin axis, Ig
CRC	miR-21-5p, miR-155-5p	Macrophage	Tumor cells	BRG1
PC	/	Tumor	Macrophages	IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α
OC	/	Tumor	Monocytes	NF-κB pathway, IL-6, MMP9
HCC	lncRNA TUC339	Tumor	Macrophages	Costimulatory molecules
CC	miR-1246	Tumor	Macrophages	TGF-β
GC	/	Tumor	Neutrophils	HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB
PC	/	Tumor	Monocytes	STAT3 signaling, arginase, ROS
Leukemia	/	Tumor	Macrophages, BM-MSCs	TNF-α, IL-10, ROS
EC	Ecrg-4 mRNA	Tumor	/	Inflammation-related genes
Breast cancer	/	Camel milk	Tumor cells, CD 4^+ T cells, CD8^+ T cells	Tumor cell apoptosis, ROS
Glioma	miR-10a, miR-21	Tumor	MDSCs	ROS, IL-10, TGF-β
LC	KIT	Mast cell	Tumor cells	KIT/SCF pathway

Tumor abbreviations: LC: lung cancer; HNC: head and neck cancer; EOC: epithelial ovarian cancer; CRC: colorectal cancer; EC: esophageal cancer; PC: pancreatic cancer; OC: oral cancer; CC: colon cancer; and GC: gastric cancer. “/” means “not mentioned”.