Human Immune System Increases Breast Cancer-Induced Osteoblastic Bone Growth in a Humanized Mouse Model without Affecting Normal Bone

Figure 4

Tumor growth and TILs in NOG and huNOG mice. (a) Representative HE-stained sections of the tumor-bearing tibias of NOG and huNOG mice, magnification 5x. (b) Quantitation of the tumor area (only tumor cells) in the bone marrow (mm², ). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and pairwise comparisons using Dunnett’s test. Statistical significance is marked as . (c) Representative images of CD3 (T cells), CD4 (T helper cells), CD8 (cytotoxic T cells), and CD20 (B cells) in tumors growing in the bone, magnification 20x. (d) Representative images of immune checkpoint inhibitors PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4) in the spleen, lymph nodes, and tumors, magnification 20x.

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