Protective Effects of Two Safflower Derived Compounds, Kaempferol and Hydroxysafflor Yellow A, on Hyperglycaemic Stress-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis via Modulating of Macrophage M1/M2 Polarization

Figure 4

The effects of Ka and HSYA on iNOS, TNF-α, Arg-1, and CD206 expressions in HG-induced macrophages as measured by real-time quantitative PCR. (a) TNF-α results. (b) iNOS results. (c) Arg-1 results. (d) CD206 results. All results were expressed as a ration with respect to control and represented as the in triplicates. versus NG. ^# versus HG. ^&, Ka4 versus Ka8. ^{^}, HSYA100 versus HSYA200. Abbreviations: NG: 11.1 mM glucose; HG: 33.3 mM glucose; Ka4: kaempferol 4 μM in HG; Ka8: kaempferol 8 μM in HG; HSYA100: hydroxysafflor yellow A 100 μM in HG; HSYA200: hydroxysafflor yellow A 200 μM in HG; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; CD206: mannose receptor; Arg-1: arginase-1.

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