Cellular and Molecular Immunology Approaches for the Development of Immunotherapies against the New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Challenges to Near-Future Breakthroughs

Figure 3

Hemostatic disorder in SARS-CoV-2 infection. (a) In COVID-19 cases, there occurs a systemic activation of the circulatory system as a reflection of what occurs in the lungs. (b) In the lung compartment, monocytes expressing TF perform an intense diapedesis under stimuli of proinflammatory and chemoattractant cytokines, infiltrating activated macrophages in the lung that lead to tissue damage. The high production of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as vascular permeability and microthrombosis events are prompt to overexpress PAR-1 receptors and abnormal platelet activation. Overexpression of PAR-1 can be blocked with APC or PAR-1 antagonist therapy, while abnormal platelet activation can be avoided by P-selectin blocker therapy. Created with BioRender.com.

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