Induction of Humoral and Cellular Immunity by Intradermal Delivery of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Using Dissolvable Microneedles

Figure 2

Specific B cell antibody responses to vaccination. ELISA results of serum at (a) day 14, (b) day 21, and (c) day 28 postvaccination, showing log10 antibody titers against the N protein in the S.C. NP immunization group, MN NP immunization group, and vehicle-control group. (d) Summary of log10 mean NP antibody titers from S.C. NP, MN NP, and vehicle-control MN groups. (e) ELISA results of serum at day 28 postvaccination, showing log10 IgG1 and IgG2A antibody titers against the N protein in the MN NP immunization group. (f) ELISA results of mice serum at day 28 postvaccination, showing log10 antibody titers against NP in the freshly prepared MN NP immunization group, 1 month stored MN NP immunization group and vehicle-control group. ELISA absorbance measurements at 450 nm were normalized to standard cut-off values. Student’s unpaired nonparametric -test (Mann–Whitney) was used with multiple -test adjustment. Data were expressed as . , , , , ns refers to “not significant”.

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