Contribution of Gut Microbiota to Immune Tolerance in Infants

Table 1

Evidence regarding microbiota interventions in children with FA.

Type of FA	Age		Prebiotic/probiotic	Form of administration	Doses	Main result	Reference
CMA	10-25 months	12	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial milk formula supplement	N/A	Enriched fecal microbiota with LGG formula consumption	[110]
CMA	4-6 years	330	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial formula	LGG to  CFU/g	Less functional dyspepsia, functional constipation, and functional abdominal pain in children with probiotics	[111]
CMA	1-12 months	220	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial formula	N/A	Less allergy-associated symptoms and faster tolerance acquisition at 12, 24, and 36 months	[112]
CMA	1-12 months	39	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial formula	CFU by gram of powder	Higher production of butyrate and related to higher production of butyrate in tolerant patients	[113]
Peanut allergy	1-10 years	62 children	Coadministration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC 1.3724 (NCC4007) and oral immunotherapy with peanuts	Lyophilized powder	CFU once a day together with peanut OIT for 18 months	Reduced peanut sensitization in combination with immunotherapy	[106]
CMA	<6 months	119	Lactobacillus casei CRL431 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial formula	N/A	No differences were observed regarding severity of atopic dermatitis	[114]
CMA	<1 year	260	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial formula	N/A	Earlier acquisition of tolerance in supplemented children	[103]
CMA	3-12 months	60	Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 and Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial formula	Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 ( CFU) and Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 ( CFU)	Reduced clinical symptoms with supplementation	[115]
CMA	0-12 months	26	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Extensively hydrolyzed commercial formula	to  CFU/g	Higher decrease of calprotectin and reduction of fecal hematochezia in supplemented participants	[116]
CMA	<6 months	111	Lactobacillus casei CRL431 (Lactobacillus paracasei subspecies paracasei) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12	Extensively hydrolyzed formula	colony-forming units/g formula for each of the probiotic bacteria used	No difference was observed in the age of acquisition of allergen tolerance	[104]