|
| Compound type | Model system | Molecular targets |
|
| Withaferin A | LNCaP, PC3, and 22RV1 cell lines | Induces cytoprotective autophagy by increasing GABARAPL1 (ATG8L) expression [11] |
| Withaferin A | PC3 cell line | Induction of prostate apoptosis response-4- (Par-4-) dependent apoptosis [14] |
| Withaferin A | PC3 and DU145 cell lines | Upregulation of Aurora B, phosphor histone H3, and phospho-Wee-1 expression and downregulation of cyclins (A2, B1, and E2) and phospho-Chk1 (Ser345), Chk2 (Thr68), and Cdc2 (Tyr15) [22] |
| Withaferin A | Cell lines PC3, DU145, and LNCaP | Disrupt vimentin cytoskeleton by induction of ROS and c-Fos expression and suppression of c-FLIP(L) [23] |
| Withaferin A | LNCaP cells and PC3 xenografts in nude mice, i.p. injection with 4 or 8 mg/kg/day for 24 days | Target β5 subunit and inhibition of chymotrypsin-like activity in vivo tumors of PC3 xenografts with an accumulation of proteasome target proteins (p27, Bax, and IκB-α) and decreased AR protein in in vitro LNCaP cell line [32] |
| Withaferin A | TRAMP model, oral gavage of 5 mg/kg | Prevent prostate adenocarcinoma, inhibit AKT signaling, and activate Foxo3a-Par-4-induced cell death and EMT markers (vimentin, β-catenin, and snail and upregulate E-cadherin) [44] |
| Withaferin A | Pten-KO mice, oral gavage with 3 or 5 mg/kg | Inhibit primary tumor growth and lung metastasis, downregulation of pAKT-mediated EMT markers [46] |
| Withaferin A and ethanol extract of WS root | LNCaP and 22RV1 cell lines | Inhibits fatty acid synthesis by decreasing fatty acid metabolism enzymes: acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, ATP citrate lyase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, and fatty acid synthase with a decrease in c-Myc and pAKT [49] |
| WS root extract | PC3 cell line | Inhibit expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-8 [50] |
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