Natural Formulations: Novel Viewpoint for Scleroderma Adjunct Treatment

Table 1

In vitro, in vivo, and clinical interventions of medicinal plants for scleroderma treatment.

Herbal species and/or formulation	Type of study	Outcomes	Reference
Capparis spinosa L.	In vitro/systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts	↓H2O2, ↓O2^⋅ˉ, ↓ROS, ↓cell death, ↓Ha-Ras, ↓ERK1/2	[132]
Ginkgo biloba L.	In vivo/clinical trial	↓Attack duration, ↓Raynaud’s score	[136]
Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan: Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl, Wolfiporia extensa Ginns, Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. or Paeonia veitchii Lynch, and Prunus persica (L.) Batsch or Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch.	In vitro/MRC-5 cells	↓TNF-α, ↓MIP-2, ↓IL-6	[138]
	In vitro/human fibroblasts	↓Proliferation, ↓collagen	[139]
Oenothera biennis L.	In vivo/clinical trial	↓Raynaud’s score, ↓ulcers, ↓pain, ↓telangiectasia	[141, 142]
Persea americana Mill. (avocado) and Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean) unsaponifiables	In vivo/clinical trial	↓Deformity, ↓disability	[147]
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.	In vivo/clinical trial	↑FVC, ↑FVC pred%	[150]
Xuefu Zhuyu decoction; Bupleurum chinense DC., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Cyathula officinalis K.C. Kuan, Conioselinumanthriscoides “Chuanxiong,” Angelica sinensis (Oliv) Diels., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC., Carthamus tinctorius L., Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., and Citrus × aurantium L. plus vitamin B6	In vivo/clinical trial	↓TNF-α, ↓sIL-2R	[152]