Anti-inflammatory Effects of Empagliflozin and Gemigliptin on LPS-Stimulated Macrophage via the IKK/NF-κB, MKK7/JNK, and JAK2/STAT1 Signalling Pathways

Figure 2

Empagliflozin and gemigliptin reduced PGE₂ release and suppressed COX-2 and iNOS gene expression in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. (a) Culture supernatants were collected after 48 h treatment, and PGE₂ concentration was measured using ELISA. (b) COX-2 and (c) iNOS mRNA expression levels were analysed via real-time PCR after 4 h treatment. (d, e) Western blot assays were conducted to evaluate protein band quantity by densitometry. Data are presented as the from three independent experiments. , , and indicate comparison with the untreated control. ^#, ^##, and ^### indicate results with statistically significant differences between the LPS-stimulated control and Gemi-, Empa-, or Gemi+Empa-treated groups. ^†, ^††, and ^††† indicate results with statistically significant differences between Empa- and Gemi+Empa-treated groups.

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