Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is an ancient infectious disease with a history of thousands of years. The war between humans and M. tuberculosis has never stopped, from ancient times to modern society. Even today, TB remains a serious health threat. The global tuberculosis report 2021 has reported that there were almost 1.3 million TB deaths among the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative population in 2020 globally, up from 1.2 million in 2019. Furthermore, the emergence of drug-resistant and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and the lack of effective methods for differential diagnosis of latent TB infection (LTBI) pose many challenges to TB prevention and treatment.

Therefore, how to deal with these new and old challenges has become a common problem faced by mankind. Early prevention, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment of TB are key strategies to control the spread of TB. With the rapid development of technologies such as high-throughput sequencing, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, bioinformatics, single-cell sequencing, and novel materials, many achievements have been made in the field of TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

This Special Issue will focus on updates on TB and highlight the scope, dynamics, and progress of TB management, with a particular focus on WHO’s End TB Strategy: 80% reduction in the TB incidence rate (new and relapse cases per 100 000 population per year) by 2030, compared with 2015. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together original research articles and review articles about the new immunology strategies and tools for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of TB.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Novel discovery and theory on the immune mechanism of host fight against TB, and a better understanding of the immune balance between mycobacteria and the host immunity
• Biomarkers or new techniques for the differential diagnosis of active TB and LTBI
• New clinical protocols for the treatment of MDR-TB
• Development of novel TB vaccines, adjuvants, delivery systems, and animal models
• Application of bioinformatics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, single-cell sequencing, and other technologies in the diagnosis and treatment of TB
• Application of traditional Chinese medicine in TB prevention and treatment
• Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of TB in children and the elderly