Chronic diseases are multifactorial diseases and considered a serious public health problem, accounting for about 60% of deaths worldwide, according to WHO. The immune system has a central role in many processes involving chronic diseases. Immunological research involving cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, and others has not only enabled the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie these diseases, it has also suggested new therapies that may impact positively on patients minimising morbidity and mortality.

The aim of this Special Issue is to solicit original research articles, as well as review articles, presenting and discussing the advancement of research and innovative therapies involving chronic diseases, which have a high impact on society, such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease and the possibility of involving communicable diseases and emerging chronic diseases.

We also hope that this Special Issue highlights the latest research about the immune system and chronic diseases, as well as the innovative mechanisms related to the development of an inflammatory process in chronic diseases.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Heart and kidney diseases, inflammatory processes, and new biomarkers
• Purinergic system related to inflammatory processes in hypertension and diabetes
• Immunological research and purinergic system in cancer
• Immune system and neurodegenerative diseases