Author (year) Study design Baseline demographics TFA intake, E % SFA intake, E % Weeks Serum cholesterol level Lichtenstein et al. (1999) [47 ] R, CR, CF Healthy, 63 yControl: 0.55 TFA: 3.30 Butter: 1.25 Control: 7.3 TFA: 8.4 Butter: 16.7 5 Significant LDL-C and Total-C:HDL-C; Control < Butter No significance LDL-C and Total-C:HDL-C; Control versus TFA HDL; Control versus Butter, Control versus TFA Denke et al. (2000) [48 ] CR, CF Healthy adult, 41 y Healthy children, 12 yButter: 0.9 TFA: 1.5 Butter: 16 TFA: 9 5 Significant LDL-C, Total-C; TFA < Butter No significance HDL-C Mensink (2008) [52 ] CR, CF, DB, R Healthy, 41 yTFA free: 0.2 Low TFA: 0.7 TFA free: 6.2 Low TFA: 2.3 3 Significant LDL-C, HDL-C, Total-C/HDL-C, and Total-C; Low TFA < TFA free Takeuchi et al. (2011) [49 ] CR, DB, R Healthy young, 23 yControl: 0.1 TFA: 0.8 Control: 4.0 TFA: 3.0 4 No significance LDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, Total-C Takeuchi et al. (2013) [51 ] DB, P, R Healthy young, 18 yControl: 0.4 TFA: 1.47 Control: 8.7 TFA: 9.8 4 No significance LDL-C, HDL-C, Total-C Takeuchi et al. (2015) [50 ] DB, P, R Healthy adult, 45 yControl: 0.39 TFA: 1.09 Control: 8.0 TFA: 8.3 4 No significance LDL-C, HDL-C, Total-C