Review Article

Industrial Trans Fatty Acid and Serum Cholesterol: The Allowable Dietary Level

Table 4

Summary of six intervention trials that assessed the effect of low-level intakes of trans fatty acid (TFA) on serum cholesterol level.

Author (year)Study designBaseline demographicsTFA intake, E%SFA intake, E%WeeksSerum cholesterol level

Lichtenstein et al. (1999) [47]R, CR, CF
Healthy, 63 y
Control: 0.55
TFA: 3.30
Butter: 1.25
Control: 7.3
TFA: 8.4
Butter: 16.7
5Significant
 LDL-C and Total-C:HDL-C; Control < Butter
No significance
 LDL-C and Total-C:HDL-C; Control versus TFA
 HDL; Control versus Butter, Control versus TFA

Denke et al. (2000) [48]CR, CF
Healthy adult, 41 y
Healthy children, 12 y
Butter: 0.9
TFA: 1.5
Butter: 16
TFA: 9
5Significant
 LDL-C, Total-C; TFA < Butter
No significance
 HDL-C

Mensink (2008) [52]CR, CF, DB, R
Healthy, 41 y
TFA free: 0.2
Low TFA: 0.7
TFA free: 6.2
Low TFA: 2.3
3Significant
 LDL-C, HDL-C, Total-C/HDL-C, and Total-C;
 Low TFA < TFA free

Takeuchi et al. (2011) [49]CR, DB, R
Healthy young, 23 y
Control: 0.1
TFA: 0.8
Control: 4.0
TFA: 3.0
4No significance
 LDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, Total-C

Takeuchi et al. (2013) [51]DB, P, R
Healthy young, 18 y
Control: 0.4
TFA: 1.47
Control: 8.7
TFA: 9.8
4No significance
 LDL-C, HDL-C, Total-C

Takeuchi et al. (2015) [50]DB, P, R
Healthy adult, 45 y
Control: 0.39
TFA: 1.09
Control: 8.0
TFA: 8.3
4No significance
 LDL-C, HDL-C, Total-C

CR: crossover; CF: controlled feeding; DB: double-blind; HDL-C: HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C: LDL-cholesterol; P: parallel; R: randomized; SFA: saturated fatty acid; TFA: trans fatty acid; TG: triacylglycerol; Total-C: total cholesterol; y: year.