Connection-Based Multiplicative Zagreb Indices of Dendrimer Nanostars

Sattar, Aqsa; Javaid, Muhammad; Bonyah, Ebenezer

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2107623

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Distances in Graph Theory

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 2107623 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2107623

Connection-Based Multiplicative Zagreb Indices of Dendrimer Nanostars

Aqsa Sattar,¹Muhammad Javaid,¹and Ebenezer Bonyah²

Academic Editor: Gohar Ali

Received18 Nov 2021

Accepted08 Dec 2021

Published23 Dec 2021

Abstract

The field of graph theory is broadly growing and playing a remarkable role in cheminformatics, mainly in chemistry and mathematics in developing different chemical structures and their physicochemical properties. Mathematical chemistry provides a platform to study these physicochemical properties with the help of topological indices (TIs). A topological index (TI) is a function that connects a numeric number to each molecular graph. Zagreb indices (ZIs) are the most studied TIs. In this paper, we establish general expressions to calculate the connection-based multiplicative ZIs, namely, first multiplicative ZIs, second multiplicative ZIs, third multiplicative ZIs, and fourth multiplicative ZIs, of two renowned dendrimer nanostars. The defined expressions just depend on the step of growth of these dendrimers. Moreover, we have compared our calculated for both type of dendrimers with each other.

1. Introduction

TIs are the numerical numbers which are linked with different chemical structures of molecular graphs and predict the structural, toxicological, biological, and physicochemical properties of the existing chemical compounds. A graph in which the vertices represent atoms while the edges correspond to the covalent bonds between atoms is known as a molecular graph. TIs are extensively used in the study of quantitative structure-activity relationships and quantitative structure-property relationships [38]. Many researchers have worked on TIs [1, 18, 25]. TIs are classified into three distinct TIs, namely, degree-based TI, distance-based TI, and polynomial-based TI. A distance-based TI is a TI which is based on the distance between the vertices. In 1947, Wiener [39] developed the innovative conception of degree-based TI. Furthermore, Dankelmann et al. calculated the sharp upper bounds of graphs by utilizing these distance-based TIs in a very comprehensive way. Moreover, for the diameter , Mazorodze et al. [33] computed the sharp upper bounds of graphs by using the Gutman index which is also a distance-based TI. Furthermore, Fang et al. [15] discussed the topological properties of Sierpinski network along with its applications.

A degree-based TI is concerned with the degree of a vertex. Degree-based TI is further categorized into two subclasses named as degree and connection-based TIs. Gutman and Trinajstić [22] put forward the innovative idea of the well-known TI named as first Zagreb index (FZI). They used FZI to calculate the electron energy of the alternant hydrocarbon. Furthermore, second ZI was proposed by Gutman et al. [21] in 1975. The innovative idea of third ZI was proposed by Furtula and Gutman [17]. These first and second ZIs have been studied widely in distinct areas (see [2, 5, 6]). Chu et al. [10] calculated the sharp bounds of ZIs on connected graphs. Gharibi et al. [19] also worked on ZIs and investigated Zagreb polynomials of nanocone and nanotubes. Nikolic et al. [34] initiated modified ZIs in 2003. Hao [23] compared the ZIs and modified ZIs and discussed important results related to these indices in 2011. Furthermore, Dhanalakshmi et al. [12] introduced some modified and multiplicative ZIs (MZIs) on graph operators. Das et al. [11] in 2013 used MZIs to compute the upper bounds for some particular graphs. Fang et al. [14] computed ZIs of the hierarchical hypercube networks. For more details, we refer the readers to [9, 26, 36].

Recently, the idea of connection number (CN) has been instilled into the minds of researchers. CN is a number of those of vertices which are at distance 2 from a certain vertex. Ali and Trinajstić [4] investigated the modification of first ZI. In 2019, Tang et al. [37] developed some Zagreb connection indices (ZCIs). Furthermore, Ali et al. [3] computed modified ZCIs of T-sum graphs. Recently, In 2020, Liu et al. [32] gave Zagreb connection numbers of molecular graphs based on operations. Cao et al. [8] made use of ZCIs to calculate both exact and upper bounds of some product related graphs. Furthermore, Javaid et al. [28] initiated novel connection-based ZIs of different wheel related graphs. Haoer et al. [24] investigated the multiplicative leap ZIs.

A dendrimer is an artificially synthesized molecular structure made up of monomers (branched units). Dendrimer nanostars are highly branched nanostructures and are considered as the basic element in nanotechnology. The major three architectural parts of dendrimer nanostars are end groups, branches, and cores. Nowadays, dendrimer nanostars are rapidly gaining considerable attention from researchers due to their special chemical and physical characteristics and a broad range of applicability in distinct fields of bioscience, including drug delivery, immunology, and the advancement of antimicrobials, antivirals, and vaccines [29, 31]. Siddiqui et al. [35] introduced Zagreb polynomial of some nanostars in 2016. Furthermore, Bokhary et al. [7] discussed some molecular topological properties of dendrimers. In 2019, Fatima et al. [16] proposed ZCIs of two dendrimer nanostars in a very logical way. For more details about dendrimers, the readers are referred to [13, 30].

In this paper, we rewrite some already introduced connection-based MZIs. Further, we establish the general expressions to calculate the MZCIs of two well-known dendrimer nanostars in a very logical and comprehensive way. The proposed expressions only depend upon the step of growth of these dendrimers.

This paper is organized as follows. Section 1 presents some important definitions which are obligatory to understand the concept of our paper. In Section 2, we establish the general expression to find the connection-based MZIs of first type of dendrimer nanostar. Section 3 holds the general expression to calculate connection-based MZIs of the second type of dendrimer nanostar. Section 4 draws the conclusions.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we define some basic definitions which are useful for the further evaluations.

Definition 1. (see [22]). Let be a graph, where and represent the set of vertices and edges, respectively. Then, the first Zagreb index (FZI) can be given asThis equation can be rewritten aswhere and denote the degree of the vertices and , respectively.

Definition 2. (see [21]). For graph , the second Zagreb index (SZI) can be given aswhere and denote the degree of the vertices and , respectively.

Definition 3. (see [4]). For a graph , the first Zagreb connection index (FZCI) and second Zagreb connection index (SZCI) can be given as(1)(2), where and denote the connection number of the vertices and , respectively.

Definition 4. (see [4]). For a graph , the modified first Zagreb connection index can be given as

Definition 5. (see [20]). For a graph , the first multiplicative Zagreb index (FMZI) and second Zagreb index (SMZI) can be given as(1)(2)

Definition 6. (see [27]). For a graph , connection-based MZIs can be defined as(1) (first MZCI)(2) (second MZCI)(3) (third MZCI)(4) (fourth MZCI)

Now, before moving towards our main results of this article, first we rewrite the connection-based MZIs given in Definition 6.

Definition 7. For a graph , the first MZCI can be rewritten aswhere is the total number of vertices in with connection number .
The second MZCI can be rewritten aswhere is the total number of edges in with connection numbers .
Similarly, the third MZCI can be given aswhere is the total number of vertices with degree and CN .
The fourth MZCI can be written as

3. MZCIs of First Type of Dendrimer Nanostar

In this section, we establish the general expressions to calculate the MZCIs of first type of dendrimer nanostar. First, we provide the construction of the dendrimer nanostar of the first type, i.e., , by labeling the vertices with degrees and CNs. The skeletal formulas of along with connection number for are shown in Figures 1–3.

The skeletal formulas of dendrimer nanostar along with degrees are shown in Figures 4–6.

Before presenting the main results our paper, we first classify the hexagons of with the help the degrees of the vertices into terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, and hexagon.(i)Terminal Hexagon. A hexagon in which the degree of exactly five vertices is two is said to be terminal hexagon.(ii)Initial Hexagon. A hexagon which is in the center of is said to be initial hexagon.(iii)-Hexagon. A hexagon which is neither initial nor terminal is said to be -hexagon.

All the remaining vertices which do not lie in any of the above mentioned hexagons are said to be -type vertices. By type edges, we mean the edge joining the vertices with CNs and .

Theorem 1. Let be a molecular graph for . Then, first MZCI and third MZCI of are given below:(1)(2) where .

Proof. (1)First, we find the total number of terminal hexagons, initial hexagons, and -hexagons. By simple observation, we have The total number of hexagons in for is , respectively. The term of the sequence is . Thus, The total number of type vertices in for is , respectively. The term of the sequence is . Thus, Now, we find the number of vertices having CN 2 in , i.e., . One can observe easily that all those vertices which have CN 2 are present only in terminal hexagons and no vertices exist having CN 2 in central and hexagons. Every terminal hexagon has exactly 3 vertices with CN 2, and the total number of terminal hexagons in is . Thus, must be equal to 3 times the number of terminal hexagons in . Mathematically, we have Now, we find the number of vertices having CN 3 in , i.e., . In Table 1, we have calculated the total number of vertices with CN 3 in . The total number of vertices with CN 3 in is the sum of the number of vertices with CN 3 in terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, and hexagon of . So, Next, we calculate the total number of vertices with CN 4 in , i.e., . Table 2 shows the total number of vertices with CN 4 in . On can easily observe that half of the -type vertices have CN 4 while the other half has CN 5. We know that the total number of -type vertices is . Thus, the number of vertices having CN 4 must be . The total number of vertices with CN 4 in is the sum of the number of vertices with CN 4 in terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, hexagon, and type vertices of . So, Finally, we calculate . So, By using equation (5), we have where .(2)Firstly, we calculate number of vertices with degree 2 and CN 2, i.e., . The number of vertices with degree 2 and CN 2 in terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, and -type hexagon is given in Table 3. Thus, we have Now, we calculate the number of vertices with degree 2 and CN 3 in . The number of vertices with degree 2 and CN 3 in terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, and -type hexagon is given in Table 4.Thus, will beWe notice that the number of vertices with degree 2 and CN 4 is present only in half of the type vertices of . Thus, will beNow, we calculate the number of vertices with degree 3 and CN 3 in . The number of vertices with degree 3 and CN 3 in terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, and -type hexagon is given in Table 5.
Thus, will beSimilarly,The number of vertices with degree 3 and CN 4 in terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, and -type hexagon is given in Table 6.
Thus, will beBy substituting all the values of in equation (7), we havewhere .

Theorem 2. Let be a molecular graph for . Then, second MZCI and fourth MZCI of are given below(1)(2) where .

Proof. (1)First, we calculate , i.e., (2,2)-type edges in . One can easily observe that graph has type edges only in terminal hexagon. There are exactly two (2,2)-type and (2,3)-type edges in every terminal hexagon of . Hence, must be equal to Next, the total number of (3,3)-type edges is displayed in Table 7. The total number of (3,3)-type edges in is the sum of the (3,3)-type edges in terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, hexagon of . So, Now, we calculate . The total number of (3,4)-type edges in every terminal hexagon, initial hexagon, and hexagons of is displayed in Table 8. The total number of type edges which do not exist in any of the hexagon of is equal to the number of type vertices with CN 4. Thus, will be Finally, we calculate . We observe that type edges in are equal to 3 times the number of type vertices of with CN 5. Thus, we have By using equation (6), we have where .(2)Now, we drive the second formula. By substituting all the values of in equation (8), we have

4. MZCIs of Second Type of Dendrimer Nanostar

In this section, we calculate the multiplicative ZCIs of second type of dendrimer nanostars. First, we provide the construction of the dendrimer nanostar of the second type, i.e., , by labeling the vertices with degrees and CNs. The skeletal formulas of along with connection number for are shown in Figures 7–9.

The skeletal formulas of dendrimer nanostar along with degrees of each vertex are shown in Figures 10–12.

Before stating our main results about the second type of dendrimers, we classify hexagons and pentagons of , for , with the help of degrees of the vertices, into the following:(1)Terminal Pentagon. A pentagon which has three adjacent vertices of degree 1.(2)Non-Terminal Pentagon. A pentagon which is not terminal is said to be non-terminal pentagon.(3)Hexagon. A hexagon which has exactly two vertices of degree 3.(4)Hexagon. A hexagon which has exactly three vertices of degree 3.(5)Hexagon. A hexagon which has exactly four vertices of degree 3.(6)Hexagon. A hexagon which has exactly six vertices of degree 3.

All those vertices which do not lie in any type of pentagon or hexagon are said to be type vertices.

Theorem 3. Let be a molecular graph of order . Then, the first and third MZCIs of a molecular graph are given as(1)(2), where .

Proof. First, we find the total number of hexagons and pentagons. The total number of pentagons and hexagons of a graph is depicted in Table 9.
The vertices which do not exist in any of the above-defined hexagon is said to be type vertices. The total number of type vertices is .(1)After simple calculation, the total number of vertices with CNs 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, from Figure 9, is By putting the above values in equation (5), we have(2)Now, we find . From Figures 9 and 12, we have By putting above values in equation (7), we have

Theorem 4. Let be a molecular graph of order . Then, second and fourth MZCIs of a molecular graph are given as(1)(2), where .

Proof. (1)Again from Figure 9, we have By putting above values in equation (6), we have(2)By putting all the values of in equation (8), we have the following expression:

5. Comparison Analysis

In this section, to check the validity and superiority, we compare our calculated values for both the dendrimers with each other. Table 10 shows the comparison between the proposed results of dendrimers.

From Table 10, it can be seen that has the largest value for while has the greatest value of .

6. Conclusions

Dendrimers are highly branched organic macromolecules with successive layers or generations of branch units surrounding a central core and are considered as key molecules in nanotechnology. In this research article, we have established the general expressions to find the connection-based MZIs, namely, first multiplicative Zagreb connection index, second multiplicative Zagreb connection index, third multiplicative Zagreb connection index, and fourth multiplicative Zagreb connection index of two well-known dendrimer nanostars. These calculated general expressions just depend upon the step of growth of these dendrimers. Moreover, to check the authenticity, we have also compared the calculated result for both types of dendrimers. In future, we are interested in extending our work for other types of dendrimers which are poly(propyl) ether imine dendrimer and polypropylenimine octamin dendrimer.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within this article. However, the readers may contact the corresponding author for more details on the data.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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