Abstract
In this paper, we establish the existence of a solitary wave in a KdV-mKdV equation with dissipative perturbation by applying the geometric singular perturbation technique and Melnikov function. The distance of the stable manifold and unstable manifold is computed to show the existence of the homoclinic loop for the related ordinary differential equation systems on the slow manifold, which implies the existence of a solitary wave for the KdV-mKdV equation with dissipative perturbation.
1. Introduction
KdV-mKdV equation plays a most important role in soliton physics and appears in many practical scenarios such as thermal pulse and wave propagation of the bound particle [1]. Recently, many mathematicians are interested in studying traveling wave solutions for the KdV-mKdV equation, and there are many tools to find the traveling wave solutions, such as the inverse scattering method [2], the double subequation method [3], the sine-cosine method [4, 5], the Darboux transformation [6], the Exp-expansion method [7, 8], and the bifurcation method of dynamic systems [9]. KdV-mKdV equation is one of the most popular soliton equations; therefore, there were widely related investigations in [10–14]. On the contrary, based on the relationship between the solitary wave solution and the homoclinic orbit of the associated ordinary differential equations, Fan and Tian [15] proved that the solitary wave persists the singularly perturbed mKdV-KS equation from the geometric singular perturbation point of view, when the perturbation parameter is suitably small. Mansour proved the existence of traveling wave solutions of some singular perturbed equations [16] by using the geometric singular perturbation theory. Yan et al. [17] investigated a perturbed generalized KdV equation. They proved the existence of solitary waves and periodic waves by applying the geometric singular perturbation theory and the regular perturbation analysis for a Hamiltonian system.
Solitary waves are a special form of ultrashort pulses, which maintain a constant shape, amplitude, and velocity during their propagation. From the point of view of physics, solitary wave is a special product of the nonlinear effects of matter. Mathematically, it is a class of stable, energy-finite, nondispersive solutions of some nonlinear partial differential equations. As the particular characteristics of the solitary wave, we shall use Fenichel persistence theorem [18, 19] to study the existence of the solution for the singularly perturbed KdV-mKdV equation in this paper.where and , not studied by the same method before. We try to investigate the existence problem of solitary wave solutions of (1) by using the geometric singular perturbation technique.
2. Fenichel Theory
In this section, we review the necessary theory that we will use for our discussion. We take the exposition in Christopher [19]. For details, one can resort to Fenichel [18] or Jones [19]. Geometric singular perturbation theory was first given by Fenichel and is often referred to as Fenichel theory. A comprehensive overview of the theory, as well as new proofs of many theorems and detailed examples of applications, was given by Jones [19].
Consider the standard fast-slow system:where is the derivative to , is a real parameter, , , , , and corresponds to fast directions and corresponds to slow directions. are on the set , where and is an open interval containing 0. Assume that, for , the system has a compact normal hyperbolic manifold which contained in the set . The manifold is hyperbolic normally if the linearization of (2) at each point in has exactly eigenvalues with zero real part, where is the dimension of the center point.
Fenichel’s Persistence Theorem 1. Under the assumption described above, if is small sufficiently, there exists a function defined on such that the manifold is invariant locally under the flow of (2). Moreover, is -smooth for any , and is close to .
With a change of time scale , system (2) is equivalent towhen , systems (2) and (3) are equivalent, system (2) is called the fast system, and system (3) is called the slow system. Geometric singular perturbation theory exploits a differential equation’s geometric structures, such as its slow (center) manifolds and their fast stable and unstable fibers.
3. Singular Perturbation Analysis to the KdV-mKdV Equation
For a given constant , substituting into (1), it reduces to an ordinary differential equation
Under the condition of , , and , integrating this equation, and setting the integral constant to be zero, we have
Suppose that is a continuous solution of (5) for and satisfies . If , is called a solitary wave solution. If , is called a kink (antikink) wave solution. A solitary wave solution corresponds to a homoclinic orbit of (5), a kink (antikink) wave solution corresponds to a heteroclinic orbit of (5), and a periodic orbit corresponds to a periodic traveling wave solution of (5).
ODE (5) can be given as
System (6) is obviously formulated on a slow time scale because of the location of the small parameter . The corresponding fast system is
Generally, system (6) is referred to as the slow system since the time scale is slow. And system (7) is referred to as the fast system since the time scale is fast. The two systems are equivalent when .
In this section, we will find the equilibrium points of system (7) and determine the local behavior in the neighborhood of these equilibria. Let and
System (7) can be formulated as
There are equilibria satisfying , that is, where .
Let
Then, the characteristic equation for is , and the discriminant of the above equation is ; it means for any positive and , and matrix has two conjugate complex and one real eigenvalues . By the Viete theorem, will satisfy
It is easy to know that if , both complex eigenvalues and have a negative real part. So, the stable subspace at , named as , is two-dimensional for all positive and . And , the unstable subspace at , is one-dimensional. Let and be the local stable and unstable manifolds, respectively. By dynamical linearization theory, it holds that and . As in , it is not enough to prove that a homoclinic orbit and periodic orbit exist. We shall solve this question in the next section.
4. Persistence of Solitary Waves
Setting , (7) has Jacobian
Since can be characterized as the graph of a function, we have thatwhere depends on smoothly and satisfies . Therefore, (6) can be reduced to the following differential equation on :which has the limiting form on
Since is smooth, the vector field in (6) is smooth, and can be characterized as the graph of a function; we can expand in for sufficiently small, that is,
Substituting (16) into the last equation of slow system (6) and comparing coefficients of yield
In the following, we will check whether there exists a homoclinic orbit with small or not. From the original equations, we find the originis a critical point for (6), and it is still a critical point and must belong to ; thus, we shall hunt for the orbits homoclinic to the origin . The critical point can be construed as a surface of critical points, noted as , which is parameterized by and ; it is said that , and it spans an unstable manifold and a stable manifold . When , and intersect in a curve, which is the curve (homoclinic orbits) we are hunting for, denoted by . Therefore, under the condition , for and , we parameterize and near the intersection away from the critical point, respectively.
Define and observe the zeros of . The number of zeros of corresponds to the number of homoclinic orbits. Since there are homoclinic orbits independent on when , we have , and . The Melnikov function is given by
For , define the parameter equation of as follows:where . For this, we use the argument of the Melnikov function [20]; the Melnikov function is expressed aswhere .
On different values of and , different Melnikov function values are obtained. There are some values as follows:
Formulas (22)–(25) show that the Melnikov function has unique zero in different , respectively. It means that all the corresponding orbits have a unique intersection on the -axis, which is a unique saddle. In other words, the homoclinic orbits exist when is sufficiently small; hence, the solitary wave solution of KdV-mKdV equation (3) persists when , , , and (see Figure 1). Similarly, we can compute more values for and and then prove that has unique zero.
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5. Conclusion
The perturbed KdV-mKdV equation is considered by using the geometric singular perturbation theory, and the existence of solitary waves has been proved for sufficiently small perturbing parameters. We have proved the persistence of the slow manifold under perturbation, and then we have constructed the wave as homoclinic orbits in the transverse intersection of appropriate stable and unstable manifolds in this slow manifold. It is a pity that the geometric singular perturbation theory cannot give an explicit expression for the proved solitary wave solution. However, the introduced method should have wide applicability to persistence questions for the solitary wave solution of many other perturbed equations; it may be an interesting work in the future.
Data Availability
All the underlying data supporting the results of our study can be found from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2020JJB110007), Middle-Aged and Young Teachers’ Basic Ability Promotion Project of Guangxi (2020KY16019 and 2020KY16020), and Guangxi University of Finance and Economics Project (2019QNA03).