Abstract

A modular irregular graph is a graph that admits a modular irregular labeling. A modular irregular labeling of a graph of order is a mapping of the set of edges of the graph to such that the weights of all vertices are different. The vertex weight is the sum of its incident edge labels, and all vertex weights are calculated with the sum modulo . The modular irregularity strength is the minimum largest edge label such that a modular irregular labeling can be done. In this paper, we construct a modular irregular labeling of two classes of graphs that are biregular; in this case, the regular double-star graph and friendship graph classes are chosen. Since the modular irregularity strength of the friendship graph also holds the minimal irregularity strength, then the labeling is also an irregular labeling with the same strength as the modular case.

1. Introduction

Graph labeling is a mapping of a set of numbers, called the labels, to the graph elements, usually vertices or edges [1]. Generally, the label is a positive integer. There are several labelings that have been developed; among them are irregular labeling and modular irregular labeling. The reader can check the dynamic survey of graph labeling by Gallian to obtain more information on various labeling [1]. In 1988, irregular labeling was first introduced by Chartrand et al. [2]. To date, there have been studies on the irregular labelings of certain graphs. The terminology not included in this paper can be found in [3].

An irregular labeling is defined as a labeling with k as a positive integer, such that is different for all vertices, where is a neighbour of vertex . The irregularity strength of a graph is the minimum value of for which has irregular labeling with labels at most . The irregularity strength of a graph is defined only for graphs containing at most one isolated vertex and no connected component of order 2. The lower bound of the irregularity strength of a graph is , where vertices with degree as stated in Theorem 1. For a regular graph , Przyboylo [4] has proved an upper bound of an irregularity strength is For tree graphs, Aigner and Triesch [5] proved that the irregularity strength of any tree with no vertices of degree two is equal to the number of its leaves. Ferrara et al. [6] later proved that if the tree has every two vertices of degree not equal to two at a distance of at least eight with number of leaves at least three, then where is the number of leaves and is the number of vertices of degree two. The survey of irregular labeling has been done by Bača et al. [7]. After this survey paper, there are still many results which have been found. See Gallian’s survey, for the update [1].

Modular irregular labeling of a graph is a mapping so that a bijective function can be defined and has different values. The set of the weights of the vertices is a group of integers modulo . The minimum such that this kind of labeling exists is called the modular irregularity strength of and denoted by . Bača et al. [8] determined the modular irregularity strength of path, star, triangular graph, cycle, and gear graphs. Muthugurupackiam et al. [9] proved the modular irregularity of the tadpole graph and double-cycle graph. Later, Bača et al. [10] proved the modular irregularity strength of the fan graph. In this paper, we construct the modular irregular labeling and determine its modular irregularity strength of regular double-star graph and friendship graph.

2. Known Results

There are some known results that we will use to prove the modular irregularity strength of the star and friendship graphs that we gave in this section. A lower bound on the irregularity strength is already known by Chartrand et al. as stated in the following theorem.

Theorem 1 (see [2]). Letbe a connected graph with an order, which hasvertices with degree. Then,

The relation between the irregularity strength and modular irregularity strength has been known and presented in the following theorem.

Theorem 2 (see [8]). Letbe a graph without a component of order. Then,Not all graphs can have modular irregular labeling. In the following theorem, Bača et al. give a requirement of a graph that cannot have a modular irregular labeling, denoted by .

Theorem 3 (see [8]). Ifis a graph of order,, thenhas no modular irregular-labeling, i.e.,.

3. New Results

This section gives two results on a modular irregular labeling on a regular double-star graph and a friendship graph. Aman and Togni [5] and Ferrara et al. [6] proved the irregularity strength of trees family. The modular irregularity strength of the family of trees which is already known is path and star [8]. Since we consider biregular graphs in this paper, then the regular trees family that we choose is regular double-stars.

A regular double-star graph is a graph built from two copies of a star graph , and then, we connect the two center vertices of the star. Note that a star has vertices. Thus, has vertices and edges.

Theorem 4. Let,be a regular double-star graph. Then,

Proof. Let and be the two centers of the double-star graph. Let be the leaves of the center vertex and be the leaves of the center vertex
For even, Then, following Theorem 3, the graph does not have a modular irregular labeling.
For odd, label the edges as follows.
For The pendant leaves should have the different labels; then, the minimal number of labels is The maximal label is at . Thus, is a -labeling. Its leaves weight will be elements of , and All vertex weights are different. for odd.
A friendship graph is a graph with the vertex set and the edge set is . Thus, the graph has vertices and edges. Since the graph has , then based on Theorem 3, we have a possibility to find the modular irregularity strength of . In the following lemma, we have a lower bound of .

Lemma 1. Letbe a friendship graph with. Then,

Proof. A friendship graph has vertices with degree two and one vertex with degree . Based on Theorem 1, we haveThen, based on Theorem 2, we obtainA modular irregular labeling can be constructed and can be determined, and the conclusion is written in the following theorem.

Theorem 5. Letbe a friendship graph with. Then, ms .

Proof. We divide the proof in 4 cases. In each case, we define the edge labeling and show that is an -labeling. Then, in the second step, we show that the vertex weights are all different.

3.1. Case

Label the edges as follows.(a)Let be an edge labeling of the friendship graph that is defined above; we can obtain maxThen, it is proved that the edge labeling is an -labeling.(b)The edges adjacent to are and so that for for for Thus, we have the vertex weight, (c)The edges adjacent to is and so that for ,For For Thus, we have the vertex weight, (d)The edges adjacent to are and so that

3.2. Case

Label the edges as follows.(a)Let be an edge labeling of the friendship graph that is defined above; we can have max{Then, it is proved that the edge labeling is an -labeling for the graph .(b)The edges adjacent to is and so that, for For Then, we have the vertex weight, (c)The edges adjacent to are and so that, for For Then, we obtain the vertex weight (d)The edges adjacent to are and so that

3.3. Case

Label the edges as follows:(a)Let be an edge labeling of the friendship graph that is defined above; we have max{Then, it is proved that the edge labeling is an -labeling for the graph .(b)The edges adjacent to are and so that, for ,For For Then, we obtain the vertex weight (c)The edges adjacent to are and so that, for ,For For Then, we conclude that the vertex weight (d)The edges adjacent to are and so that

3.4. Case

Label the edges as follows:(a)Let be an edge labeling of the friendship graph that is defined above; we have max{Then, it is proved that the edge labeling is an -labeling for the graph .(b)The edges adjacent to are and so that, for For Then, we have the vertex weight (c)The edges adjacent to are and so that, for For Then, we can conclude that the vertex weight (d)The edges adjacent to are and so that

In all cases, we proved that the vertex weights are all different and the maximum label is . By combining the results and Lemma 1 (, we conclude that , for .

From Theorem 5, we have is equal to the lower bound of the irregularity strength from Theorem 1. We can conclude that the friendship graph has irregular labeling with .

Corollary 1. The friendship graphhas the irregularity strengthfor.

4. Conclusion

In this paper, we prove the modular irregularity strength of two graphs, which are the regular double-star graph , that has , for and is odd and for the friendship graph that has and , for . There are still many families of graphs that can be explored to determine its modular irregularity strength.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

K.A.S. and Z.Z.B. conceptualized the study; K.A.S. developed the methodology; K.A.S., Z.Z.B, N.H., and R.S. validated the study; K.A.S. and Z.Z.B. wrote and prepared the original draft; K.A.S., Z.Z.B, N.H., and R.S. reviewed and edited the manuscript; K.A.S. helped with funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by PPKI-UI Research (Grant no. NKB-461/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2021).