Molecular Mechanisms of Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Repair

Table 1

Various strategies for the detection of damaged DNA.

DNA damage detection strategies	Types of  lesions detected	References
PCR based assay (TDPCR, LMPCR, ICPCR, SINE)	Decrease in DNA template activity, T<>T CPDs, 6-4PPs	[96–99]
Commet assay (Single-cell gel Electrophoresis)	Oxidative DNA damage and single/double strand break	[100, 101]
Halo assay/AHA/FHA	Chromatin fragility/single strand breaks at the single cell level	[102, 103]
TUNEL assay	Single/double strand breaks, apoptosis	[104, 105]
HPLC-MS/MS	Oxidative DNA damage; CPDs, 6-4PPs and their related Dewar valence isomers; 5-hydroxy-2-deoxyuridine,8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-Deoxyadenosine; 5-Methylcytosine and adenine	[48, 54, 61, 106]
FISH	Chromosomes with numerical aberrations	[107, 108]
FCM	Chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, chemical adducts to DNA and DNA strand breakage	[109, 110]
Annexin V labeling	Chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, radiation-induced apoptosis	[109, 111]
Immuno-dot-blot assay	CPDs, 6-4PPs and their Dewar valence isomers	[17, 59, 112, 113]
RIA	CPDs and 6-4PPs	[114, 115]
GC-MS	Strand break, modified bases, abasic sites, DNA-protein crosslinks and other oxidative DNA damage.	[39]
FADU	Single/double strand breaks and alkali-labile sites	[88, 116]
NMR spectroscopy	Lesions induced distortions of DNA duplex	[78–80]

PCR: polymerase chain reaction; TDPCR: terminal transferasedependent PCR; LMPCR: ligation-mediated PCR; ICPCR: immuno-coupled PCR; SINE: short interspersed DNA element; AHA: alkaline-halo assay; FHA: fast halo assay; TUNEL: terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling; HPLC-MS/MS: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry; FISH: fluorescence in situ hybridization; FCM: flow cytometry; RIA: radio immunoassay; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.