Abstract
A second-order sliding mode control for chaotic synchronization with bounded disturbance is studied. A robust finite-time controller is designed based on super twisting algorithm which is a popular second-order sliding mode control technique. The proposed controller is designed by combining an adaptive law with super twisting algorithm. New results based on adaptive super twisting control for the synchronization of identical Qi three-dimensional four-wing chaotic system are presented. The finite-time convergence of synchronization is ensured by using Lyapunov stability theory. The simulations results show the usefulness of the developed control method.
1. Introduction
Synchronization of chaotic system has been of increasing interest in recent years owing to its effective applications in secure communication, power convertors, biological systems, information processing, and chemical reactions [1, 2]. A fundamental concept for chaos synchronization is to use the outputs of the master system to control the outputs of the slave system so that the states of the slave system track the states of master system. In practice, it is difficult to know the parameters of a chaotic system precisely and external disturbance always occurs in the system. Thus, synchronization of chaotic system in the presence of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances is effectively crucial in applications. Various nonlinear control methods have been proposed to deal with the problem of synchronization of uncertain chaotic systems such as adaptive control [3], passive control [4], sliding mode control [5, 6], backstepping control [7, 8], and fuzzy control [9].
Sliding mode control (SMC) [10, 11] is an effective nonlinear control method to deal with a system with uncertainties and external disturbance. However, there are two main drawbacks of sliding mode control. First, the convergence of system states to the equilibrium point is asymptotical, so the system states cannot converge to the equilibrium point within a finite time. The second drawback is the chattering phenomenon. Second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC) [12–14] is the enhanced SMC method which is developed to maintain good properties of SMC and reduce the chattering effect. Moreover, the recent SOSMC is designed based on the finite-time stability [15, 16]. This can improve the convergence speed of SMC and keep the desired properties of SMC.
The aim of this paper is to design a robust finite-time feedback control for chaotic synchronization. As is known, the super twisting algorithm is in a class of second-order SMC and is widely used in many practical applications [17–19]. Moreover, to deal with uncertainties and disturbance, the adaptive tuning law is combined with the super twisting algorithm. This adaptive law is used to update the controller gains and this relaxes the requirement of information of the bound of uncertainties and disturbances. The resulting controller is called adaptive-gain super twisting controller (AGSTC).
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2.1, the synchronization problem is formulated and concepts and lemmas of finite-time stability are given. Section 2.2 presents the controller design for the synchronization problem via SMC. In Section 2.3, a robust finite-time controller design is proposed. The proposed adaptive super twisting controller is developed to achieve finite-time synchronization. Section 2.4 discusses the synchronization of identical Qi four-wing chaotic system. Section 3 presents the simulation results. Conclusions are provided in Section 4.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. System Description and Problem Statement
Consider the chaotic system described by the following: master system: slave system: where and are the states of the master and slave systems, is the matrix of the system parameters, is the nonlinear part of the system, is the controller to be designed, and are external disturbances for master and slave systems, respectively. We define the synchronization error asFrom master system (1) and slave system (2), we obtain the error dynamic aswhere and .
We consider the master and slave chaotic systems described by (1) and (2), respectively. The aim is to find a controller so that the error state converges to zero in a finite time represented by a constant . In other words, we need and , when . This implies that the chaos synchronization between chaotic systems (1) and (2) is realized in the finite time . We now restate the concepts related to finite-time stability presented by Bhat and Bernstein [15, 16].
Lemma 1 (Bhat and Bernstein [15]). Consider the system where is continuous on an open neighborhood . Assume that there is a continuous differential positive definite function and real numbers and , such that Then, the origin of system (5) is a locally finite-time stable equilibrium, and the settling time, depending on the initial state , satisfies In addition, if and is also radially unbounded, then the origin is a globally finite-time stable equilibrium of systems (5).
Lemma 2 (Yu et al. [20]). For any numbers , , and , an extended Lyapunov condition of finite-time stability can be given in the form of fast terminal sliding mode aswhere the settling time can be estimated by
2.2. Synchronization via Sliding Mode Controller
We define the sliding variable defined aswhere is a constant matrix and is the synchronization error. In the SMC, the motion of system (4) is driven to the sliding surface defined bywhich is required to be invariant under the flow of the error dynamic (4). The necessary condition for state trajectory to stay on the sliding manifold is . We ignore the disturbance vector and apply the constant plus proportional rate reaching law:where is the sign function and the constant gains and are determined such that the sliding condition is satisfied. The proposed SMC is designed as In the following theorem, under controller (13) we can ensure that the synchronization occurs asymptotically.
Theorem 3. Master system (1) and slave system (2) are globally and asymptotically synchronized for all initial conditions by the feedback control law (13).
Proof. Substituting (13) into (4), we obtainWe consider the Lyapunov functionwhich is positive definite function on . Differentiating (15), we obtain Substituting (12) into (16), we obtain Using the fact that , one hasObviously, is negative definite. Thus, the error state globally and asymptotically reaches the sliding surface .
2.3. Adaptive-Gain Super Twisting Controller
The super twisting control law is the most powerful second-order continuous sliding mode control algorithms. It generates the continuous control function that drives the sliding variable and its derivative to zero in finite time. Next, we add an adaptive law to the classical super twisting algorithm to tune the controller gains and avoid knowledge of upper bound of the vector .
We use the sliding variable defined by (10) and introduce a new reaching law as where and are positive gains defined as and , where and are positive constants and is updated by with a continuous function .
Considering the error dynamic (4), the adaptive super twisting controller is designed asSubstituting (21) into (4), one obtains where .
Let us defineThen, (22) can be written asNext, for system (24) under the following assumption, the proof of finite-time convergence to the origin is given.
Assumption 4. The new disturbance and its first-time derivative are bounded; that is, and , where and are positive constants.
Theorem 5. Let Assumption 4 hold. With and and and defined in (20), all states ( and ) of system (24) converge to the origin in finite time.
Proof. We first introduce the new vector . Its time derivative is given byNext, we change variable as and obtain where . The derivative of iswhere We now construct the Lyapunov function by extending the ideas of Moreno and Osorio [21].
Let the Lyapunov function be chosen aswhere is the solution of the Lyapunov equation:If the gains and are chosen such that the matrix is Hurwitz and arbitrary symmetric positive definite matrix is selected, then the solution is unique and symmetric positive definite. Finding the derivative of , we obtainWe consider the term , and one obtainsThus, in (31) becomesUsing , we obtain where . It is observed that there exists a time , where the gain is sufficiently large such that is attained. Therefore, by Lemma 2, the states and converge to zero in finite time. This implies the finite-time convergence to zero in states and . As a consequence the gain will stop growing in finite time and it will remain bounded.
2.4. Synchronization of Identical Qi Four-Wing Chaotic System
Qi four-wing chaotic systems are described as follows: master system: slave system:where and () are state variables of the master and slave systems, respectively.
Note that systems (35) and (36) are obtained by considering (1) and (2), where , , , , , , and are defined as follows: In (36), the control laws can be designed together in the form of vector which is more convenient for our proposed method. The parameters are positive constants. The synchronization error is defined byWe obtained the error dynamics asWe rewrite the error dynamics (39) aswherewith
3. Results and Discussion
In this section, numerical simulations are performed to compare the performances of sliding mode control (SMC) defined in (13) and adaptive-gain super twisting control (AGSTC) defined in (21).
The parameters for the chaotic systems (35) and (36) and the control laws (13) and (21) are set as , , , , , , , , , and The initial values of the master system (1) are taken as , , and and initial values of the slave system (2) are taken as , , and .
The simulation results of synchronization under SMC and AGSTC are shown in Figures 1–8. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, for AGSTC the states of slave system quickly track the states of master system when compared with SMC. Similarly, Figures 3 and 4 show the error of synchronization in which AGSTC provides faster rate of convergence. For AGSTC, the synchronization error is larger than the one obtained by SMC because the control parameters , , and updated by (43) are chosen large enough to ensure the disturbance rejection ability. This leads to larger synchronization errors obtained by AGSTC as shown in Figures 3 and 4. From Figures 5 and 6, we can see that, for AGSTC, the sliding variables reach zero quicker. In Figures 7 and 8, the control inputs obtained by AGSTC are smoother than SMC. From these simulation results, it is clearly shown that AGSTC gives better results of synchronization.
4. Conclusions
A robust finite-time controller has been successfully applied to synchronize identical Qi three-dimensional (3D) four-wing chaotic systems. The proposed control law is designed combining the super twisting algorithm with an adaptive tuning law. The finite-time convergence of synchronization error is proved using the Lyapunov stability theory. Numerical simulations are provided to validate synchronization results of the developed control method.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.