|
Category | Compounds | Mechanism of endosomal escape | Compatible with RES evasion | References |
|
Polymers | | | | |
| Polyethylenimine PEI | Proton sponge effect | Unlikely | [71–73] |
| Poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) | Proton sponge effect | Unknown | [74] |
| Charge-reversal copolymers | Proton sponge effect | Unknown | [75–79] |
| Poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA) and its derivatives | Destabilizing membrane | Unknown | [80–87] |
| Amphiphilic cationic copolymers | Hydrophobic interaction and Proton sponge effect | Likely | [88–99] |
| pH-sensitive degradable polymers | Increasing endosomal osmotic pressure | Unknown | [100–103] |
Lipids | | | | |
| Cationic lipids | Forming ion pairs with anionic phospholipids within the endosomal membrane | Yes | [104–107] |
| Zwitterionic lipids | Forming ion pairs with anionic phospholipids within the endosomal membrane | Likely | [108] |
Lipid coated nanoparticles | | | | |
| Lipid coated calcium phosphate (LCP) | Forming ion pairs and increasing endosomal osmotic pressure | Yes | [109] |
| Liposome-polycation-DNA (LPD) | Forming ion pairs and Proton sponge effect | Yes | [32, 34, 35, 110, 111] |
Inorganic nanoparticles | | | | |
| Layered double hydroxide (LDH) | Increasing endosomal osmotic pressure | Unknown | [112] |
| Calcium phosphate (CaP) | Increasing endosomal osmotic pressure | Unlikely | [113–116] |
| Carbonate apatite (CAp) | Increasing endosomal osmotic pressure | Unlikely | [117] |
| Magnesium and manganous phosphate nanoparticles | Increasing endosomal osmotic pressure | Unlikely | [118, 119] |
| Calcium carbonate | Increasing endosomal osmotic pressure | Unlikely | [120] |
Peptides | | | | |
| KALA | Destabilizing membrane | Unknown | [121, 122] |
| GALA | Destabilizing membrane | Unknown | [123–126] |
| Hemagglutinin protein | Destabilizing membrane | Unknown | [127] |
|