Abstract
nanoparticle films (, 0.6, 1.2, 2.0, and 2.5) have been synthesized by a sol-gel technique. All of the samples were annealed at 1000°C. The nanostructures were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the magnetic properties and the grain size were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), respectively. The XRD patterns of the films show single phase structure. The sizes of the particles are in the range of 78 to 89 nm. The VSM result shows that the saturation magnetization of films decreased with the increment of Er concentration ().
1. Introduction
The rare-earth iron garnet (RIG) has the general unit formula (R3Fe5O12), where R is either a trivalent rare-earth ion or yttrium. RIGs belong to the space group Ia3d. The magnetic ions are distributed over three crystallographic sites with sublattice magnetization Ma [octahedral site, 16 Fe3+ ions in a], Md (tetrahedral site, 24 Fe3+ ions in d) and Mc {dodecahedral site, 24 R3+ ions in c}. The garnets have eight formula units in a cubic unit cell. The cubic unit cells of RIGs have approximately the same lattice constant which is of the order of 12 A° [1], due to similar ionic radii of R3+ ions. Ionic distribution in garnet is represented as [] () .The interaction between the Fe3+ ions in and (d) sites is strongly antiferromagnetic due to strong superexchange interaction. The magnetic moment of the rare-earth ions in the sublattice couples antiparallel with the resultant moment of Fe3+ ions. One of the common RIGs is YIG (Y3Fe5O12) which have attracted much attention in telecommunications and data storage industries due to their interesting magnetic and magneto-optic properties [2]. The Y3+ in YIG has no magnetic moment, so the net magnetic moment in YIG is due to the unequal distribution of Fe3+ ions in the two different sublattices of and (d). YIGs are also of scientific importance because of the wide variety of magnetic properties that can be obtained by substituting yttrium with a rare-earth (RE) metal [3–9]. Most of the previous studies have concentrated on the preparation of Bi- and Ce-doped YIG (powder and films) nanoparticles because of their high Faraday rotation coefficient [10–17]. Few works have been carried out to study only Er-YIG powder nanoparticles [18–27]. In this paper we studied magnetic properties of Er doped YIG films in the formula ErxY3−xFe5O12 prepared by sol-gel method. Erbium is chosen because its ionic radius is (1.03 ), which is slightly less than ionic radii of yttrium (1.04 ) [28, 29], it has an extremely high verdet constant and largest Bohr magneton [30].
2. Experimental
The YIG precursor sol was prepared by a sol-gel method using reagent grade nitrates purchased from Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA. Yttrium nitrate hexahydrate [Y(NO3)3·6H2O, 99·95% purity], iron(III) nitrate nanohydrate [Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, 98+% purity], and Erbium nitrate pentahydrate [Er(NO3)3·5H2O] have been used as the raw materials; 2-methoxyethanol and acetic acid were used as solvents. Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and Y(NO3)3·6H2O were dissolved in the 2-methaxythanol and refluxed at 80°C for 3 hours. The Er (NO3)3·5H2O dissolved in acetic acid was added gradually into the Fe–Y solution. Then the refluxing process was continued for 3 hours. Then a small quantity of diethylamine was added to the mixture solution while the pH value was adjusted in the range of 2-3. After cooling down to room temperature, the solution was stirred for 3 days.
The gel was transformed into a film on a quartz substrate using the spin coating technique. The rate of the spinning process was 3500 rpm and it was done for 30 seconds. After the spinning process, the film was heated at 90°C for 2 hours to remove residual solvents. Then the heat treatment was carried out: initial heating at 350°C for 15 minutes at a heating rate of 3°C/min to burn-off the organic materials followed by heating at 1000°C for 2 hours at a heating rate of 4°C/min to crystalline the films. The characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Measurements
Figure 1 shows the XRD spectra for ErxY3−x Fe5O12 thin films, (0 ≤ ≤ 2.5) annealed at 1000°C for 2 hours. All of the samples show single phases with diffraction lines (hkl) corresponding to the cubic garnet structure. The family of planes (hkl) in the Er-YIG structure and the corresponding distance between two lattice planes dhkl calculated from the experimental data are shown in Table 1. The theory data is according to the reference spectrum of a pure cubic garnet single phase formation YIG (JCPDS card no: 01-070-0953). The main peaks for , 2.0 and belonging to (321) reflection plane originated at the 2° values of 27.014, 27.022, and 27.031 correspond to the spacing values of 3.298, 3.297, and 3.296 Å, respectively, which is one of the cubic garnet single phase formation according to the reference spectrum of (EIG) card no: 01-081-0131.
The lattice parameter “a” was calculated from combination of Bragg’s equation and d-spacing expression for cubic system using the formula: where is the wavelength of Cu radiation with 1.54060 Å, = diffraction angle of X-rays.
The average crystallite size was calculated according to the Scherrer’s equation, where is the mean crystallite size, (0.89) is the Scherrer constant, is X-ray wavelength (0.154252 nm), and is the relative value of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak (420). Table 2 summarizes the results of lattice constant and crystallite size of ErxY3−x Fe5O12 thin films.
3.2. Nanostructural Properties
The purpose of FESEM analysis was to determine the grain size and to understand the process of grain growth. The nanostructures of all of the samples were studied using the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) at the magnification of 300,000X (Figure 2). Most of the particles stuck to each other and form agglomerates due to their high surface energy [31]. The FESEM micrograph exhibited highly agglomerated particles having an average particle size of 82 nm. It was observed that the average particle size measured by FESEM is bigger than crystallite size measured by Scherer’s formula. This means that the particles are not single crystals and may consist of 2 or 3 and more crystallites.
The samples were coated with thin layer of gold to avoid electrostatic charging during examination. The grains could not be seen clearly. This may be because of masking caused by the gold coating on the film’s surface. The average grain size is estimated from the FESEM and from the sample’s cross section for (). The small grains on the surface belong to the gold particles (10–20 nm). The formation of cracks and voids can be attributed to the lattice mismatch. Cracks can easily be generated in crystallized Er-YIG thin films. The FESEM was also used to measure the films thicknesses and the result was 380 nm. It should be noted that all preparation parameters that influence the film thickness such as the sol concentration, spinning rate, spinning duration, and amount of sol on the substrate were kept constant. The changing factor was only the value in this study.
3.3. Magnetic Properties
The magnetic properties of the films were measured using the vibrating samples magnetometer (VSM) with a maximum applied field of 12 kOe at room temperature (25°C). Figure 3 shows the in-plane hysteresis loop for all of the films. The hysteresis curves indicate that the Er-YIG films annealed at 1000°C are soft magnetic materials.
The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the films decreased in a linear manner with the increment of Er concentration () (Figure 4(a)), and this can be related to the fact that the magnetic moments of Er3+ ions align oppositely to the effective moments formed by Fe3+ ions [18]. According to Néel’s theory [32], there exist three magnetic sublattices in YIG: one formed by the Er3+ ions occupying the dodecahedral sites, another formed by Fe3+ ions occupying the octahedral sites and the third (d) formed by the Fe3+ ions occupying the tetrahedral sites. The two iron sublattices are coupled antiferromagnetically by the superexchange interaction acting via the intervening O−2 ions. The sublattice is coupled antiferromagnetically with the two iron sublattices. At room temperature, the three sublattices moments align along the direction. Therefore, the magnetic structure for such a mixed garnet can be represented by writing the garnet formula as
(a)
(b)
The net magnetic moments is M = Mc − . The coercivity (Hc) increases with for = 0.0–1.2, then decreases for = 1.2–2.5 as shown in (Figure 4(b)). This can be due to nanometer particles of the films. When the particle size is about 89 nm, the coercivity of ErxY3−x Fe5O12 (0 ≤ ≤ 2.5) nanoparticles reached the greatest values. The magnetic properties of a magnetic material depend largely on the particle size distributions as the domain structure and magnetization process depends on particle size [33]. When the particle size is much larger than the critical size of a single domain, the coercivity is decided by magnetic displacement, so the value of coercivity is small. When the particle size is reduced to the critical size of single domain, the coercivity is decided by magnetic domain rotation, so the coercivity reaches the maximum. When the particle size is less than the critical size of single domain, the coercivity will be decreased for the existence of superparamagnetism [34].
4. Conclusion
Thin films of ErxY3−x Fe5O12, (, 0.6, 1.2, 2.0, and 2.5) have been prepared using a sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction characterization shows that all of the samples have only a single phase garnet structure. The crystalline films are soft magnetic materials. The saturation magnetization is reduced with Er substitution because the magnetic moments of Er3+ ions coupled antiferromagnetically to the effective moment formed by Fe3+ ions. The coercivity of the films is maximum for . The coercivity for the nanocrystalline materials is small when they are in their multidomain state and it is maximum at the critical single domain size and decreases further with a reduction in grain size as it approaches superparamagnetism as the thermal energy is comparable to the anisotropy energy.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank MOSTI for the science fund grant 03-01-02-SF0538.