Review Article

Ti??+ in the Surface of Titanium Dioxide: Generation, Properties and Photocatalytic Application

Table 1

The data of EPR signals assigned to Ti3+ in some published paper.

ESR parameters (g-value)ConditionRef.
𝑔 | | 𝑔

1.94951.9640Anatase nanoparticles exposure to UV light[33]
1.96001.990Anatase nanoparticles exposure to UV light[33]
1.9021.953Laser-irradiated TiO2[39]
1.9621.960Titanium silicalite[49]
1.9051.912Ti-SiO2 by a sol-gel method[49]
1.881.925Fe3+-doped colloids: 6 g dm−3 TiO2, 0.5 wt% Fe, irradiated 6 h[54]
1.9881.897Fe3+-doped colloids: 5 g dm−3 TiO2, 0.1 wt% Fe, irradiated 3 h[54]
1.9751.944Self-doped TiO2[78]
1.9961.901KTa0.9Nb0.1O3[80]
1.9941.896Hydrated TiO2[81]
1.94821.9707Carbon-doped TiO2[82]
1.9751.963Ultrafine-powdered TiO2[83]

1.996TiO2 powder was heated in hydrogen (H2) gas[20]
1.990, 1.990, 1.960Hydrated anatase[32]
1.970, 1.965The untreated fresh and used TiO2 catalysts[51]
1.93TiO2 exposure to flowing H2 at 573 K for 4 h[53]
1.908, 1.981Pt/TiO2 reduced at 623 K[56]
1.975sol-gel processing of Ti(i-OPr)4 (i-OPr isopropoxy group)[69]
1.92Anatase reduction at 573 K[75]
1.9605, 2.0059Nitrogen-doped TiO2[76]
1.996TiO2 calcined at 21% O2[84]
1.98TiO2 nanotubes[85]
1.996TiO2 obtained under vacuum[86]
1.964Silver/TiO2 (1.026 wt.% loading)[87]
1.9880 ± 0.0005Carbon-Doped TiO2[88]
1.996Nanocrystalline TiO2 via solvothermal synthesis[89]