Abstract
We developed a novel method for the synthesis of Au nanoclusters (NCs) silica fluorescent composite nanospheres by mixing the as-prepared bovine serum albumin (BSA) protected Au NCs with amino-modified silica spheres in acetate buffer solution. The products were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescent microscope imaging (FLMI), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. The proposed method was simple, efficient, and inexpensive. In addition, the composite nanospheres exhibited favorable water-dispersible, stable, and fluorescent properties, potentially leading to further applications in chemical and biological sensors. A reasonable mechanism was also proposed for the formation of composite nanospheres.
1. Introduction
Recently, strong attention has focused on the synthesis of fluorescent composite nanospheres, such as quantum dots, dyes, and carbon dots-based composite materials, which are widely used as fluorescent probes in bioassay, sensing, and fluorescence imaging [1–4]. However, the information on fluorescent Au nanoclusters (NCs) based composite nanospheres is rather limited despite their unique electronic and optical properties. As an emerging fluorescent material, these fluorescent Au NCs possess a variety of distinct features, such as ultrasmall size (<2 nm), low toxicity, and lack of intermittency [5, 6]. Therefore, Au NCs-based composite nanospheres can be potentially exploited for the development of new sensor application as well as fluorescent probes for in vivo and in vitro imaging. Le Guével et al. [7] reported the successful synthesis of fluorescent Au NCs-doped silica nanoparticles using a modified-Stöber method and subsequently used this new label for fluorescence imaging in tumor lung cells. Zhang et al. [8] developed a straightforward strategy for the preparation of fluorescent Au NCs with silica coating outer shells. Additionally, the application of these bioconjugated Au NCs-silica nanocomposites as bioprobes for cellular imaging was demonstrated. Samanta et al. [9] reported the synthesis of ultrasmall Au NCs arrays encapsulated in silica nanospheres and demonstrated the utilization of the composite material in fluorescence imaging and catalysis. Consequently, it is of great essential to explore more approaches for the preparation of Au NCs-based composite nanospheres.
In this work, we developed a simple method for the preparation of Au NCs-silica composite nanospheres. The morphology and optical properties of these as-prepared composite nanospheres have been investigated by HRTEM, XPS, FLMI, and DLS measurements. A possible formation mechanism of the composite nanospheres was also proposed.
2. Experimental
The BSA coated Au NCs were synthesized in one pot following the method developed by Xie et al. [10]. Briefly, 5.0 mL of 10 mM HAuCl4 solution was added to 5.0 mL of 50 mg·mL−1 BSA solution under severe stirring at 37°C. Two minutes later, 0.5 mL of 1.0 M solution was added into it. The mixture was reacted at 37°C for 24 h. The Au NCs were obtained when the color of the solution changed to deep brown, which was dialyzed in membrane tubing with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 12 kDa against 500 mL of ultrapure water under continuous stirring at room temperature to remove unreacted HAuCl4 or NaOH.
Silica nanospheres were synthesized based on the Stöber method [11] and then were amino-functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane. The as-prepared silica nanospheres were dispersed in sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer solution (0.01 M, pH = 5.0) under sonication. The purified Au NCs were added and mixed for 30 minutes. Then, the mixture was centrifuged and washed 3 times with ultrapure water. Finally, the composite nanospheres were resuspended in the buffer solution.
The UV-vis absorption spectrum was obtained in the range of 220–600 nm, with 1.0 cm × 1.0 cm quartz cuvette on an evolution 300 UV-vis spectrometer (Thermo Nicolet Corporation, USA). Fluorescence measurement was performed on a RF-5301PC Spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with a 20 kW xenon discharge lamp as a light source. Fluorescence microscope image was recorded with a Ti-S fluorescence microscope (Nikon, Japan) with an objective (10x). The size and morphology of the products were acquired by a Tecnai G20 transmission electron microscope (FEI, USA) with an acceleration voltage of 200 kV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement was carried out by a VG Multilab 2000 spectrometer (Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) with an Mg Kα X-ray source. Hydrodynamic diameters and zeta potential of the samples were measured using a Zetasizer Nano ZS90 DLS system (Malvern, UK).
3. Results and Discussion
The absorption spectrum in Figure 1(a) (blue line) exhibited a peak centered at 280 nm, which was attributed to BSA molecules for stabilizing Au NCs [12]. Figure 1(a) (red line) showed the fluorescence emission spectrum of Au NCs with a peak around 628 nm upon excitation at 500 nm. Referred to previous reports, the emission was assigned to the intraband transitions of free electrons of Au NCs [13]. Figure S1 (see supplementary material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/972834) indicated the fluorescence emission spectrum of Au NCs (black line) and the composite nanospheres (red line) upon excitation at 500 nm. A small blue shift was observed, which may arise from the reduction of polarity in the local environment of BSA-Au25 after attaching to the surface of silica nanospheres [14]. Figure S2 depicted the effect of illumination time with UV light on the fluorescence intensity of Au NCs (red line) and the Au NCs-silica composite nanospheres (black line). It can be seen that Au NCs-silica composite nanospheres have better stability than BSA/Au NCs. The fluorescence microscope image of the Au NCs-silica composite nanospheres was shown in Figure 1(b). These composite nanospheres were remarkably bright with red emission. It can be inferred that Au NCs were successfully attached to the surface of silica nanospheres, which led to the visible fluorescence of the composite material.
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TEM images of silica nanospheres and fluorescent composite nanospheres were presented in Figure 2. The shape of silica nanospheres (Figure 2(a)) remained spherical, and the size was about 250 nm. Compared with silica spheres, fluorescent composite nanospheres (Figure 2(b)) displayed some substance sticking to the surface, indicating the adhesion of BSA-Au NCs with silica nanospheres. Furthermore, some black spots could be seen on the composite nanospheres (Figure 2(b) inset), and these black spots (~1 nm) were Au NCs on the nanosphere surface.
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Binding properties and oxidation state of the powder sample of the composite spheres were confirmed by XPS (Figure 3). Au 4f7/2 for BSA-Au NCs could be deconvoluted into two distinct components centered at 84.1 (blue curve) and 85.0 eV (red curve), which are ascribed to Au(0) and Au(I), respectively [15, 16], inferring that elemental Au NCs are entrapped in the composite spheres, which is in agreement with the TEM results.
DLS has been used to measure the sizes of Au NCs, silica nanospheres, and the composite nanospheres. As shown in Figure 4, the hydrodynamic diameter of BSA-Au NCs and silica nanospheres was 10 nm and 257 nm, respectively. However, the composite material showed a diameter of 3000 nm, which was due to the adhesion of silica spheres together via BSA-Au NCs. The result here is coincident with the TEM image (Figure 2(b)).
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Based on the above results, a possible formation mechanism of Au NCs-silica fluorescent composite nanospheres was suggested as follows (Figure 5). The zeta potential of the as-prepared BSA-Au NCs and silica nanospheres was determined to be −13.7 mV and 47.2 mV at pH 5.0, respectively. Therefore, these two materials were oppositely charged, suggesting that BSA-Au NCs and silica spheres could be conjugated by electrostatic interaction.
4. Conclusion
Herein, we described a straightforward method for the preparation of Au NCs-silica fluorescent composite nanospheres. The composite material exhibited favorable water solubility, stability, and strong fluorescence. An electrostatic interaction mechanism was proposed for the formation of composite nanospheres according to the negative charge of BSA-Au NCs and positive charge of amino-functionalized silica spheres in acetate buffer solution. The as-prepared composite material could be potentially applied to chemical and biological sensors.
Authors’ Contribution
Huiping Wang and Chaoyong Xu contributed equally.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (20905028), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2011PY009), Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province Innovation Team (2011CDA115), and Huazhong Agricultural University Scientific & Technological Self-innovation Foundation (2010SC05).
Supplementary Materials
Figure S1. The fluorescence emission spectrum of Au NCs(black) and the composite nanospheres(red) upon excitation at 500 nm.
Figure S2. The illumination time with UV light the normalized fluorescence intensity of Au NCs (red) and Au NCs-silica composite nanospheres(black). Each point depicted the average measurements of three times. Error bars were calculated based on the standard deviation of three measurements.