Abstract
Waveguide ring resonator is the sensing element of resonant integrated optical gyroscope (RIOG). This paper reports a polymer-based ring resonator with a low propagation loss of about 0.476 dB/cm for RIOG. The geometrical parameters of the waveguide and the coupler of the resonator were optimally designed. We also discussed the optical properties and gyroscope performance of the polymer resonator which shows a high quality factor of about 105. The polymer-based RIOG exhibits a limited sensitivity of less than 20 deg/h for the low and medium resolution navigation systems.
1. Introduction
Resonant integrated optical gyroscope (RIOG) is a high performance rotation sensor based on the Sagnac effect, in which an optical waveguide ring resonator is utilized as the sensing element [1–3]. Due to the excellent advantages of compactness, stability, reliability, and ease of fabrication, RIOGs have attracted much attention in the field of inertial navigation [4–6]. Meanwhile, the less complex and cheaper gyroscopes suited for mass production are urgently required, especially in the low and medium resolution fields such as car navigation and robotics.
Optical polymeric materials permit the mass production of low-cost integrated optical devices and circuits on a planar substrate [7, 8]. Polymer-based optical waveguide is the basic light transmission medium for integrated optical device. The polymer-based integrated optical devices have been widely used in many laboratories worldwide and some achieved commercialization [9, 10]. Especially, the polymer-based optical ring resonators have become the focus of research due to their good optical characteristics [11] and have been widely used in integrated optical devices such as modulators [12–14], filters [15, 16], sensors [17], and optical communication systems [18]. However, these applied polymer ring resonators are not suitable for the sensing elements of RIOGs due to the characteristics of small diameter and high propagation loss. The polymer-based resonator used in RIOG requires a much larger diameter and a lower propagation loss because the performance of gyroscope mainly depends on the enclosed area and the propagation loss of the waveguide resonator [3, 19].
In this paper, we reported a polymer-based resonator with a big diameter and a low propagation loss for constructing the polymer-based RIOG. We optimally designed the coupler and analyzed the optical properties and corresponding RIOG performance of the polymer-based resonator.
2. Materials and Methods
Figure 1(a) shows the scheme of the polymer ring resonator for RIOG. It consists of a bus waveguide and a ring waveguide. For RIOG, the ring resonator is the rotation sensing element in which two beams with equal power launch into the two input ports of the bus waveguide, respectively. The input light is split into two beams by the coupler. One beam couples into the ring resonator with coupling ratio , while the other beam transmits through the coupler directly. For polymer-based RIOG, a resonant frequency difference between the clockwise (CW) beam and the counterclockwise (CCW) beam in the ring resonator shown in Figure 1(a) will arise correspondingly when there is a rotation. The resonant frequency difference is proportional to the rotation ratio.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1(b) shows the configuration of the polymer waveguide from the cross section. A polymer stripe with a width of and a thickness of is buried in polymer 1. The refractive index of polymer 1 and polymer 2 is 1.45 and 1.46, respectively. The refractive index contrast of the cladding and the buried core is 0.01. The parameters were designed aiming at having an optimal coupling ratio and a low propagation loss.
3. Results and Discussion
In this section, we researched the light propagation in the polymer waveguide, the influence of the gap between the bus and the ring waveguide on coupling ratio, and the optical properties of the polymer ring resonator and its corresponding gyroscope performance.
3.1. Coupler Design
For the view of coupler in the ring resonator shown in Figure 1(a), the buried core of the waveguide needs a small width and a small thickness [20]. The obtained optimal thickness () and width () of the polymer waveguide shown in Figure 1(b) are all equal to 5 μm. Figure 2(a) shows the simulation result of optical field distribution of the utilized polymer waveguide at an incident wavelength of 1550 nm. The calculated effective refractive index of the polymer waveguide is 1.454. Figure 2(b) shows the measurement result of optical field distribution in the polymer waveguide. Figure 2(c) shows the propagation loss measurement of the polymer waveguide by the traditional cut-back method. The measured propagation loss is about 0.476 dB/cm at an incident wavelength of 1550 nm. The results show that this polymer waveguide has a good performance for light propagation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
To construct a polymer-based ring resonator, the relationship between the minimum gap of bus/ring waveguide and the coupling ratio of the coupler is studied. Coupling ratio is the significant parameter of the coupler which represents the fraction of power coupled into the ring resonator from the input port of the bus waveguide [21]. The main factor of coupling ratio is the geometrical dimension of the minimum gap between the bus and ring waveguide. Figure 3 shows the influences of the minimum gap and the diameter of resonator on the coupling ratio with parameters μm and μm at an incident wavelength of 1550 nm.
From the calculated results, we can see that the coupling ratio is highly dependent on the diameter and the minimum gap of the bus/ring waveguide. With an increasing minimum gap, the value of coupling ratio decreases because the bigger gap reduces the power coupling between the bus and ring waveguide. In addition, the coupling ratio can be improved by increasing the diameter of the polymer resonator, which is mainly because of the increase of the coupling length between the bus and ring waveguide. The inset of Figure 3 shows the power transmission in the bus and ring polymer waveguides with parameters mm and μm at wavelength of 1550 nm. The corresponding calculated result of coupling ratio is about 0.32 shown in Figure 3.
3.2. Optical Properties of the Polymer Resonator
For the polymer-based ring resonator, the propagation loss, coupling ratio, and circumference of the resonator are crucial parameters to determine its performance. The transmission function of a ring resonator is given by [6, 22] where , is the coupling ratio, is the optical propagation constant, and is the circumference of the polymer resonator. is the propagation loss of the polymer waveguide which mainly contains material loss, bending loss, and scatter loss. The material loss is power loss absorbed inside the material due to the absorption and the imperfections in the bulk waveguide material [20]. Bending loss is power leakage that occurred in the curved part of waveguide and primarily determined by the bend radius [23]. Scatter loss is caused by physical surface roughness especially on the side walls of waveguide produced typically during its fabrication [24].
Equation (1) indicates that the propagation loss of the polymer waveguide significantly influences the transmission property of the ring resonator. The calculated bending loss of the proposed polymer resonator with bend radius 5 mm is about 0.01 dB/cm. This value is so small that it can be neglected. The measured propagation loss of the polymer waveguide is 0.476 dB/cm. Figure 4 shows the transmission spectra of the polymer ring resonator with different diameters at . When the propagation loss and the coupling ratio are fixed, the transmission spectrum is determined by the circumference of the polymer ring resonator. From Figure 4, we can see that the free spectral range (FSR) and the resonant depth of the ring resonator all decrease with the increase of the diameter of ring resonator. For a given material (i.e., a fixed loss factor), the output signal decreases dramatically with an increasing diameter shown in Figure 4. This is mainly because the long propagation length of the large diameter resonator results in large power attenuation.
For RIOG, a large resonant depth is beneficial for rotation signal detection. The resonant depth of the ring resonator is also related to the coupling ratio . Figure 5 shows the influence of coupling ratio on the resonance of polymer ring resonator.
The minimum gap dimension of the bus/ring waveguide corresponding to the coupling ration of 0.67, 0.32, and 0.12 is 1 μm, 2 μm, and 3 μm, respectively. The resonant depth reaches the largest value at the critical coupling point (). Figure 5 indicates that the coupling ratio of the ring resonator influences not only the resonant depth, but also the full width at the half maximum of the frequency (FWHM). The three ring resonators have the same free spectral range because of the same diameter.
For polymer ring resonator with mm and μm, the free spectral range (FSR), FWHM, and quality factor () are 6.56 GHz, 1.07 GHz, and 1.8 × 105, respectively. The detailed performance parameters are shown in Table 1.
3.3. Gyroscope Performance
The sensitivity of a resonant integrated optical gyroscope is typically limited by the shot noise at the two photodetectors included in the readout system. It can be estimated by the following formula [25]: where is the diameter of the polymer-based ring resonator, is the sensor operating wavelength, and is the FWHM. is maximum value of when . is the minimum value of when . is the signal to noise ratio of the detective system which is related to quantum efficiency , integral time of photodetector , Planck constant , frequency of light , and input power of light .
Equation (2)–(4) shows that the value of limited sensitivity is negatively related to the closed area of the ring resonator. The results indicate that a large closed area can lead to an improvement of sensitivity of resonant optical gyroscope. The limited sensitivity can be also improved by reducing the which is determined by the propagation loss , the circumference of the polymer resonator , and the coupling ratio . In addition, (2) indicates that the gyroscope’s sensitivity can be also improved by increasing the signal to noise ratio of the detective system. The input power of light is proportional to the signal to noise ratio of the detective system. Therefore, improvement of the input power of light is an effective way to achieve a higher sensitivity when the structure of resonant optical gyroscope is fixed.
Figure 6 shows the relationships between the coupler ratio and the sensitivity of the polymer-based gyroscope at different diameter of ring resonator. It can be observed that the sensitivity of polymer-based resonant integrated optical gyroscope increases with the increase of diameter of the polymer resonator when coupling ratio is a constant. Furthermore, there is an optimal value of coupling ratio for the limited sensitivity of gyroscope. The optimal limited sensitivity of the polymer-based gyroscope with resonator is less than 20 deg/h. For RIOG with , the optimal limited sensitivity is about 5 deg/h. The gyroscope with this sensitivity can be widely used in the inertial navigation field.
4. Conclusions
A polymer-based ring resonator is proposed for constructing resonant integrated optical gyroscope. We optimally designed and fabricated the polymer waveguide with good measurement results. The measured propagation loss of the polymer waveguide at 1550 nm is about 0.476 dB/cm. The analysis about coupler shows that the value of coupling ratio is mainly determined by the gap of the bus/ring waveguide and the diameter of ring resonator. The optical properties and gyroscope performance of the polymer ring resonator are discussed which shows a potential shot noise limited sensitivity less than 20 deg/h. The polymer-based integrated optical gyroscopes permitted mass production will be a promising candidate of the new generation gyroscopes on a chip.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by NSFC under Grant no. 61307066, Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China under Grant nos. 20110092110016 and 20130092120024, Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant no. BK20130630, the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant no. 2011CB302004, and the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology, Ministry of Education, China, under Grant no. 201204.