Assessment of Novel Synthetized Nanozirconium Tungstovanadate as Cation Exchanger for Lead Ion Decontamination

Table 1

Effect of synthesis parameters on the ion exchange capacity (IEC) of zirconium tungstovanadate.

(1) Molar ratio of the reactants
Sample	Zirconium oxychloride (M)	Sodium tungstate (M)	Ammonium metavanadate (M)	Volume ratio (v/v)	IEC (meq/g)	Yield (g)
S1	0.1	0.1	0.1	1.5 : 1 : 1	1.2	4.66
S2	0.1	0.2	0.1	1.5 : 1 : 1	1.1	2.1
S3	0.1	0.1	0.2	1.5 : 1 : 1	1.15	2.15
S4	0.2	0.1	0.2	1.5 : 1 : 1	1.9	6.2
S5	0.2	0.2	0.1	1.5 : 1 : 1	1.5	5.5
(2) HCl concentration
Sample	HCL conc. (M)		IEC (meq/g)		Yield (g)
S4	0		1.9		6.2
S6	0.01		2.5		9.6
S7	0.05		2. 5		2.7
S8	0.1		2. 3		1.6
S9	0.2		2		1.5
S10	0.4		1.9		1
S11	0.5		No precipitate		—
(3) Gelation temperature
Sample	Temperature (°C)		IEC (meq/g)		Yield (g)
S6	25°C		2.5		9.6
S12	40°C		2.35		8.6
S13	50°C		2.31		8.2
S14	60°C		2.25		8.6
S15	80°C		2.25		7.5