Synthesis of a Cementitious Material Nanocement Using Bottom-Up Nanotechnology Concept: An Alternative Approach to Avoid CO₂ Emission during Production of Cement

Table 1

Effect of different nanomaterials on the performances of the cement composite.

Primary material	Additives/procedure	Particle Size	Effect/performance	Reference
Portland cement	Nanosize ingredients such as alumina, silica particles, and carbon nanotubes were added	<500 nm	Nanocement can create new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular, nano- and microlevel	[3]
Portland cement	Nano-SiO2, nano-TiO2, nano-Al2O3, nano-Fe2O3, and nanotube/nanofibres were added	~20 nm and 100 nm	Can produce concrete with superior mechanical properties as well as improved durability	[4]
Portland cement	Single wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes were added	—	Cement materials showed superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties	[8]
Ordinary Portland cement	Spherical nanoparticle nano-SiO2, nano-Fe2O3, and multiwall carbon nanotubes were added	1–100 nm	Significant improvement in compressive strength as well as Young’s modulus and hardness of the concrete	[9]
Portland cement	Spherical nano-Fe2O3 and nano-SiO2 were added	15 nm	Mortar showed higher compressive strength as well as flexural strength	[16]
Nano-SiO2, nano-NaAlO2, and nano-Ca(NO3)2	Using the hydrothermal method, a new type of cement material is produced	167 nm	A new cementitious material is produced using pozzolanic material infused with hydrated alumina which avoids CO2 emission, able to control mechanical performance of the mortar	Present work