The Synthesis of Nanostructured WC-Based Hardmetals Using Mechanical Alloying and Their Direct Consolidation

Table 1

Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of selected spark plasma sintered WC-based nanocomposites.

Characteristics of the initial powder			Sintering parameters				Microstructure characteristics		Mechanical properties		Ref.
WC particle Size (μm)	Co wt.%	Grain growth inhibitors wt.%	Heating rate (deg./min)	Pressure (MPa)	Temperature (°C)	Time (minutes)	Relative density (%)	WC Grain Size (nm)	Hardness (kg/mm^2) HV30	Fracture toughness (MPa m^1/2)
3.5	9	—	100	50	1200	10	99.2	128	1602	6.11	[66]
0.01	17	—	100	50	1200	10	99.5	92	1625	13.8	[66]
—	6	—	100	60	1250	5	99	800	1910	10.1	[35]
0.3	6	—	150	60	1230	5	98.73	650	2024.5	10.15	[42]
0.4-0.5	6	—	100	60	1200	12	100	270	1755.8	25.6	[63]
0.4-0.5	10	—	333	60	1200	12	100	700	2068.38	10.63	[64]
0.100	10	—	100	50	1000	10	100	300	1580	—	[18]
0.200	10	—	70	60	1180	10	99.72	280	1836	12.87	[78]
0.250	11	—	100	40	1200	5	99.5	540	1828	12.17	[79]
0.040–0.250	12	—	150	50	1100	10	99.89	800	1450	10.9	[22]
0.040–0.080	12	—	100	80	1100	5	99.94	204–228	1840	10.6	[77]
0.01	12	0.6VC	100	50	1300	10	98.78	65	1432	8.53	[67]
0.01	9	0.2VC	100	50	1300	10	98.7	45	1665	—	[68]
0.01	12	0.6VC	100	50	1300	10	99.3	40	1585	—	[68]
0.040–0.250	12	0.5VC	150	50	1100	10	97.66	550	1490	10.86	[22]
0.040–0.250	12	1VC	150	50	1100	10	95.94	470	1570	11.42	[22]
0.040–0.080	12	1VC	100	80	1100	5	98.95	144–164	2000	10	[77]
0.040–0.080	12	0.5Cr3C2	100	80	1100	5	99.79	197–217	1880	10.3	[77]
0.250	11	0.6Cr3C2	100	40	1200	5	98.7	435	1922	14.14	[79]
0.01	12	0.6Cr3C2	100	50	1300	10	99.13	71	1592	9.23	[67]
0.01	9	0.6Cr3C2	100	50	1300	10	99	47	1580	—	[68]
0.01	12	0.6Cr3C2	100	50	1300	10	99.6	72	1620	—	[68]
0.01	12	0.2Cr3C2-0.8VC	100	50	1300	10	99.23	49.3	1642	12.5	[80]
0.01	12	0.8Cr3C2-0.2VC	100	50	1300	10	98.9	42	1640	11.2	[80]
0.190	10	0.2VC Cr3C2	100	60	1160	10	—	350	1707	12.1	[60]
—	12	0.05–0.6CeO2	100	50	1200	5	99.5	340	1998	14.4	[65]
60	12	4Cr	150	50	1100	10	82.52	—	1982	—	[59]