Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared by modified Hummers and Offeman methods. Furthermore, oleic acid (OA) capped graphene oxide (OACGO) nanosheets were prepared and characterized by means of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). At the same time, the friction and wear properties of OA capped graphite powder (OACG), OACGO, and oleic acid capped precipitate of graphite (OACPG) as additives in poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) were compared using four-ball tester and SRV-1 reciprocating ball-on-disc friction and wear tester. By the addition of OACGO to PAO, the antiwear ability was improved and the friction coefficient was decreased. Also, the tribological mechanism of the GO was investigated.
1. Introduction
Graphene has recently attracted extensive attention because of its excellent properties, such as high thermal conductivity, high young’s modulus, large specific surface area, and outstanding tribological properties [1–4]. These excellent properties have opened new pathways for developing a wide range of novel functional materials, for example, solar cells, field-effect device, nanocomposites, antiwear materials, and so forth [5–8]. It is well known that graphene is one-atom layer thick carbon sheet. Graphene possesses excellent tribological properties because of its small size and extremely thin laminated structure. The graphene platelets easily enter the contact area during sliding, preventing the rough surfaces from coming into direct contact. Lin et al. [9] synthesized stearic acid and oil acid modified graphene using chemical methods. The modified graphene was dispersed into 350SN base oil as additives. The four-ball test exhibited that the wear resistance and load-carrying capacity of the lubricating oil were greatly improved with the addition of the modified graphene. Huang et al. [10] synthesized graphite nanosheets with average diameter of 500 nm and thickness of about 15 nm by stirring ball milling. The tribological behavior of the graphite nanosheets as additive in paraffin oil was also investigated using a four-ball and a pin-on-disk friction and wear tester. The results showed that load-carrying capacity and antiwear ability of the lubricating oil were improved and the friction coefficient of the base oil was decreased by the addition of the graphite nanosheets. However, in the paper, the XRD analysis revealed that the graphite nanosheets were not graphene nanosheets. In general, chemical oxidation method (Hummers and Offeman) produces graphene by first inserting functional groups such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, and peroxyl in carbon layers of graphite. The functional groups weakened the force between the carbon layers, which causes the graphene layers to peel off layer by layer from graphite. The resulting graphene oxide can be reduced to graphene by adding hydrazine into the graphene oxide solution [11].
However, the realization of the potential of the graphene is difficult because of the lack of the functional group in graphene. The abundant oxygenous groups in graphene oxide molecules make it feasible to interact with other functional groups [12]. So many works try to study the properties of the GO. Song et al. [13] investigated the tribological behaviors of the poly(ether ketone) (PEEK) composites filled with GO nanosheets. The result showed that the GO-Si-filled PEEK possessed an excellent friction reducing and antiwear properties when the applied load and the sliding speed are 2.94 N and 0.0628 m/s, respectively. The outstanding properties of the composites are possibly attributed to the self-lubricity of the GO-Si nanosheets. Tai et al. [14] fabricated a series of GO/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) through an optimized toluene-assisted mixing followed by hot-pressing. The tribological behavior of the GO/UHMWPE was investigated using high speed reciprocating friction testing machine. When the content of the added GO nanosheets was up to 1.0 wt%, the wear resistance of the composites increased lightly due to the formation of the transfer film of the UHMWPE. Li et al. [15] synthesized GO/nitrile rubber (NBR) nanocomposites using a solution-mixing method. Under dry sliding condition, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the GO/NBR composites were decreased dramatically with a lower concentration of GO. Possibly, the GO easily transferred from matrix to form a continuous transfer film during sliding, decreasing the friction coefficient and wear rate. Liu et al. [16] synthesized full exfoliation GO with an improved Hummers’ method. The polyimide (PI) and PI/GO nanocomposites were also prepared via a polymerization of monomer reactants process. The friction and wear testing results showed that the addition of GO evidently improved the tribological properties of the PI. Song and Li [17] also synthesized GO nanosheets with modified Hummers and Offeman methods. The tribological behavior of the oxide graphene nanosheets as water-based lubricant additive was investigated using a UMT-2 ball-plate tribotester. With the addition of GO nanosheets in pure water, the antiwear ability was improved and the friction coefficient was decreased. They believed that the formation of a thin physical tribofilm on the substrate can explain the good friction and wear properties of GO nanosheets.
Based on the above discussion, the GO possesses an excellent tribological property, mixed into polymer or water-based lubricant. In this paper, the GO nanosheets were synthesized by modified Hummers and Offeman methods and were capped with OA using chemical method. The tribological properties of the PAO containing OACGO were investigated using quenched AISI 1045 steel/AISI 52100 steel couples. Furthermore, the mechanism of the antiwear was also discussed.
2. Experimental
GO, a two dimensional solid in bulk form, was prepared from natural graphite powder by oxidizing natural graphite powder in the presence of KMnO4 in concentrated H2SO4 according to modified Hummer’s method [18]. Simply, 4 g of graphite powder and 4 g of NaNO3 were added to 200 mL of cooled (0°C) concentrated H2SO4 slowly with stirring, in a 1000 mL breaker. 30 g of KMnO4 was added gradually with stirring and cooling (0°C); then, the reaction was carried out for 90 min. For work up, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into cold (0°C) deionized water. Successively, 30% H2O2 was slowly added into the mixture until the solution turned bright yellow. The solid product was separated by centrifugation and washed repeatedly with 5% HCl solution and deionized water, until the PH of the mixture was neutral. The GO was obtained by centrifugation with the speed of 4000 round per minute, and the precipitate of the centrifugation was also retained for comparison.
3.0 g GO and its precipitate were put into 60 mL ethanol with ultrasonic cleaner to form homogeneous slurry, respectively. With 2 g OA, the homogeneous slurry was transferred into a round-bottom flask and stirred under reflux conditions for 0.5 h. Finally, the ethanol was distilled away under reduced pressure and washed with ultrasound several times to obtain the oleic acid capped GO and oleic acid capped precipitate (OACPG), respectively [19, 20].
The commercial PAO, kinetic viscosity of 68 mm2/s at 40°C, was used as the base oil and the added content (mass fraction) of the individual OACGO, OACG, and OACPG were all selected with concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%. Every mixture forms a stable dispersion in PAO, and no sedimentation was observed after 7 days at room temperature. The friction and wear behavior of the quenched AISI 1045 steel lubricated with pure PAO and PAO containing additives (1.0 wt%) were investigated by SRV reciprocating ball-on-disc friction and wear tester. The upper balls of 10 mm in diameter were made of AISI 52100 steel. The lower stationary discs were made of quenched AISI 1045 steel (Ø 24 mm × 7.8 mm) with a surface roughness of 0.03 μm and hardness of 640 HV. The sliding tests were executed at amplitude of 1 mm, test duration of 30 min, normal load of 40 N, and reciprocating frequencies of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Hz at room temperature. Separate tests were performed for each frequency and three repeat measurements were performed, and the averaged coefficients of friction and wear rates are given herein. The antiwear properties of three lubricants were evaluated by MRS-10A four-ball machine (the ball, with a diameter of 12.7 mm, was made of AISI 52100 steel), and the testing conditions were selected as rotating rate of 1450 rpm, running duration of 30 minutes, load of 392 N, and room temperature. The FT-IR spectrum was analyzed in the range of 500–4000 cm−1 by a Bruck IFs66v spectrometer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the samples were obtained by a JEM-1200 EX TEM. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was done on X’Pert-MRD X-ray diffractometer (40 kV, 30 mA, Cu Kα radiation). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was executed on a PHI-5702 multifunctional X-ray photoelectron spectroscope to evaluate the chemical states of the worn surface. Al-Kα radiation was used as the excitation source to determine the binding energies of the target elements at pass energy of 29.4 eV and a resolution of ±0.2 eV. The binding energy of C1s (284.6 eV) was used as the internal reference [21]. The morphologies and elemental composition of the worn surfaces were analyzed by a JSM-6500LV scanning electron microscope equipped with an attachment for energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA, Kevex Sigma, USA); the worn surfaces of AISI 1045 steels were ultrasonically washed with acetone and analyzed using SEM. The thermogravimetry (TG) test was carried out on Netzsch STA499 simultaneous thermal analyzer at a heating rate of 10°C min−1 under N2. The wear volume loss of the lower discs was determined using a Microxam three dimensional surface profiler (3D) (ADE Corporation of America).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of GO
Figure 1 shows the FT-IR curves of the GO, OA modified GO, and OA modified precipitate. The absorbance band at about 3425 cm−1 could be assigned to the O–H stretching vibration and the O–H stretching modes of intercalated water. The spectrum of 1620 cm−1 indicates that sp2 of C=C was unoxidized [15, 16]. The bands at about 1400 cm−1 and 1140 cm−1 could be attributed to the C–OH stretching vibration and C–O stretching vibration [17]. As for the OA modified GO and precipitate, the bands at 2925 cm−1 and 2858 cm−1 indicate the band of C–H stretching of the alkyl chain [22].
Figure 2 shows the TEM images and corresponding ED (electric diffraction) patterns of the GO, precipitate, and graphite. Obviously, the GO was the result of the full oxidation of the graphite, so the crystal structure of the graphite was destroyed during the oxidation process. It can also be seen that the crystal structure of the precipitate was also destroyed seriously. The low contrast feature indicates the small thickness of the GO [23].
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XRD is a valuable method to investigate the interlayer changes and the crystalline properties of the materials. Figure 3 shows the XRD profiles of the graphite, precipitate, and GO. The graphite revealed a sharp and intensive peak at 2θ = 26.6°, exhibiting a highly ordered crystal structure with an interlayer spacing of 0.33 nm [23]. After oxidation, the 002 diffraction peak of graphite powder disappeared, revealing the full oxidation of the graphite. GO pattern shows a weak characteristic peak at 2θ = 10.8°, corresponding to interlayer spacing of 0.7 nm. As for the precipitate, the 002 diffraction peak of graphite powder weakened very much, showing much oxidation of graphite.
3.2. Friction and Wear Properties of OACGO
Figure 4 shows the wear scare diameter (WSD) under the three additives at different contents with four-ball testing. It can be seen that the WSD decreased rapidly as the three compounds were added into base oil. Namely, the WSD of the lubricants containing OACPG decreased from 1.0 mm to 0.48 mm at the concentration of 0.5%. Moreover, the WSD of the PAO + OACGO was about 0.5 mm, much lower than pure base oil. Comparing the three additives, we found that the WSD of the OACGO and OACPG were lower than that of OACG under the concentration higher than 1.0%.
Figure 5(a) shows the friction coefficient frequency curves of quenched AISI 1045 steel sliding against AISI 52100 steel balls under the lubrication of PAO, PAO + OACGO, and PAO + OACPG (1.0% content) by SRV test. Under the lubrication of the PAO + OACGO and PAO + OACPG, lower friction coefficients were recorded than those under the lubrication of the pure PAO. For example, at a frequency of 30 Hz, an average coefficient of friction for PAO + OACGO was about 0.09, and it rose to 0.36 for pure PAO. Comparing the friction coefficient of PAO + OACGO and PAO + OACPG, we found that the friction coefficient of the PAO + OACGO was lower than that of the PAO + OACPG. In detail, the friction coefficient of PAO + OACPG was 0.15, higher than that of PAO + OACGO. Figure 5(b) plots the wear rate of the AISI 1045 steel lubricated with the three lubricants. Obviously, the wear rate of the pure PAO was higher than the other two lubricants. At a frequency of 20 Hz, the wear rate of the pure PAO was 1.4 × 10−2 μm3/Nm, but those of PAO + OACGO and PAO + OACPG were 0.8 × 10−2 μm3/Nm and 0.2 × 10−2 μm3/Nm, respectively. The wear rate of PAO + OACGO was lower than that of PAO + OACPG under all the frequencies.
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3.3. SEM and XPS Analysis of the Worn Surface
Figure 6 reveals the SEM images of the worn surfaces of the low disc of AISI 1045 steels lubricated with PAO, PAO + OACGO, and PAO + OACPG. As for the steel/steel pair, the worn surfaces of the lower disc under the lubrication of the PAO + OACGO and PAO + OACPG appear smoother and with slighter adhesion in comparison with that of the pure PAO at a frequency of 30 Hz for 30 minutes, corresponding well to the wear rate of the AISI 1045 steel and four-ball test (see Figures 4 and 5). Moreover, the wear scare of the PAO + OACGO was slighter than that of the PAO + OACPG.
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The worn surfaces of the lower disc lubricated with PAO + OACGO were analyzed by XPS for acquiring more information about the tribochemical reactions during sliding. Figure 7 depicts the XPS spectra of C1s, O1s, and Fe2p on the worn surface of AISI 1045 steel lubricated with PAO + OACGO. O1s peak at 529.7 eV was assigned to metal oxides and Fe2O3. Fe2p peak from 706.5 eV to 710.2 eV was attributed to Fe and Fe2O3. The peak of C1s at 284.7 eV might be assigned to carbon [21]. So it is reasonable to induct that the tribofilm containing C, O, and Fe formed on the worn surface. To collect more information of the tribochemical reactions, the atomic concentrations of elements on the worn surface of PAO and PAO + OACGO lubricated AISI 1045 steel were shown in Table 1. Obviously, the atomic concentration of C on the worn surface of AISI 1045 steel lubricated with PAO + OACGO was 57.46%, higher than that with pure PAO. On the other hand, the atomic concentration of the Fe on the worn surface lubricated with PAO + OACGO was 26.14%, lower than that of pure PAO of 39.88%. We can draw a conclusion that the tribofilm of the PAO + OACGO was thicker than that of pure PAO and the GO nanosheets exist on the worn surface. Similarly, Lin and Song [9, 13] suggested that the nanosheets entered the contact during sliding and a thin physical tribofilm was formed on the metal substrate. So the tribofilm could not only bear the load of the steel ball, but also prevent from directing contact with the metal surface. The antiwear ability was improved and the friction coefficient was reduced significantly. So it is reasonable to presume that the GO nanosheets entered the contact during sliding and formed a thick tribofilm on the worn surface of the AISI 1045 steel. The thick tribofilm possessed antiwear and friction reducing properties.
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4. Conclusions
The Following conclusions can be drawn from above results.(1)The XRD analysis showed that the 002 diffraction peak of graphite powder disappeared after oxidation. GO pattern showed a weak characteristic peak at 2θ = 10.8°, corresponding to interlayer spacing of 0.7 nm.(2)With the addition of 1.0% OACGO in PAO, the WSD decreased from 1.0 mm to 0.52 mm. Moreover, the wear rate of the PAO + OACGO was also much lower than that of pure PAO.(3)XPS analysis showed that a thicker tribofilm formed during sliding with PAO + OACGO than that with pure PAO. It is presumed that the GO nanosheets entered the contact during sliding and formed a thick carbon film. The carbon film possesses the friction reducing and antiwear properties.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due the financial support of this work by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51172102) and Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.