Crystallizing Vanadium Pentoxide Nanostructures in the Solid-State Using Modified Block Copolymer and Chitosan Complexes

Table 3

Optical transition energy for V₂O₅ from several morphologies and preparation methods.

Form	Band gap (eV)	Method	Comments	Reference
Macroplates	3.4	V2O5 in a water/ethanol media	Macroplates of 10-11 μ length by 5-6 μ	[19]
Nanosheets	2.25	Surfactant sol-gel	Crystal size 52 nm	[91]
Nanoribbon	2.3	Magnetron sputtering	Thin thickness 34–70 nm	[1]
Nanoparticles	2.85	VOCl3/PEG	Particle size 25–30 nm	[79]
Nanoparticles	2.93	NH4VO3/microemulsion	Particle size 5–8 nm	[92]
Flower-like	2.3	Hydrothermal	—	[70]
Nanorods	2.30–2.60	Magnetron sputtering	Annealed at 500°C	[68]
Film	2.51–2.53	Pulsed laser deposited	Thin thickness 28–22 nm	[71, 93]
Film	2.21–2.22	Magnetron sputtering	Thin thickness 35–70 nm	[94]
Film	2.12–2.47	Pulsed laser deposition	Thin thickness 300 nm	[67]
Film	2.42–2.49	Sol-gel	Thin thickness 0.22–0.34 nm	[69]
Film	2.50–2.66	Evaporation	Thin thickness 17 nm	[70]
Film	1.50–3.00	Plasma, CVD	Thin thickness 75–138 nm	[71]
Film	2.30–2.50	Spray pyrolysis	Thin thickness 30–55 nm	[72]
Film	2.29–2.34	Physical VD	Thin thickness 45, 74, and 164 nm	[73]
Film	2.24	Sputtering	V2O5 target on SnO2: Thin thickness 35–160 nm	[74]
Film	2.2	Thermally evaporated	Thin thickness 50–215 nm	[75]
Film	2.03–2.62	Thermal evaporation and Annealing at 350°C	Lithium intercalation	[76]
Film	2.25–2.37	RF sputtering	Target in O2	[77]
Layered nanosheets^(a)	2.34	Solid-state pyrolysis		This work
Layered nanosheets^(b)	2.4	Solid-state pyrolysis
Larger crystals with layered structure^(c)	2.4	Solid-state pyrolysis
nanoparticles^(d)	2.34	Solid-state pyrolysis	Average size 16 nm

Product from precursor PS-co-4-PVP·(VCl₃) 1 : 1. ^(b)Product from precursor chitosan·(VCl₃) 1 : 1. ^(c)Product from precursor PS-co-4-PVP·(VCl₃) 1 : 5. ^(d)Product from precursor chitosan·(VCl₃) 1 : 5.