Abstract
We reported a long period grating (LPG) written in specially designed photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for refractive index (RI) sensing by interrogating the transmitted light power. The outermost ring of clad holes of the PCF is enlarged where the analyte is filled. We showed that the leakage loss of the clad mode increases with the RI in the larger holes. By numerically analyzing the complex couple mode equations for the core mode and the first clad mode, we found the depth of attenuation band in the transmitted spectra and the total transmitted power is sensitive to the leakage loss of the clad mode or the RI in the larger holes. We also demonstrated that the transmitted power is sensitive to the RI even less than that of the silica, which just avoids the limitation that the transmitted light power of LPG in conventional fiber is only sensitive to the RI of the external media higher than that of fiber clad.
1. Introduction
The introduction of periodic structure in optical fiber has been used in many optical fields. Long period fiber grating (LPFG) can couple the core mode to the cladding modes which are sensitive to the refractive index (RI) of the surrounding medium. A number of studies on the RI sensitivity of LPFGs have been conducted [1–4]. A study on RI sensing using LPFGs by Patrick et al. has demonstrated that a change in RI lower than the index of fiber clad causes wavelength shift, while a change in RI higher than the index of the fiber clad causes changes in shape and magnitude of attenuation bands [5]. Many experiments demonstrated that a long period grating in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF-LPG) can be used for RI sensing, in which a much smaller sample volume is possible by using the holes in the cladding as microfluidic channels [6–8]. The previous RI sensors using PCF-LPGs monitored the changes in RI by the shift of the resonant wavelength of the PCF-LPGs. However, one intrinsic problem of such sensors is their cross sensitivity to other parameters especially to the temperature; another practical disadvantage is complex wavelength-dispersive demodulator which is necessary.
This letter reports an LPG written in specially designed photonic crystal fiber, and its magnitude of the attenuation bands varies with the RI even lower than the fiber clad and so does the total transmitted light power. With this sensing mechanism, only an optical power meter is required for signal interrogation. The transverse geometry of the PCF and the computation model are depicted in Figure 1. The cross section of the fiber includes the following parts: the Ge-doped core, the clad consisting of five rings of air holes, the fifth ring of enlarged holes through which the analyte is transmitted, and the outermost silica region truncated by the perfectly matched layer (PML) [9].
The clad modes of PCF are leaky as some light can leak out of the cladding with finite rings of inclusions through the channels between every two of the inclusions. The leakage can be easily manipulated by changing the air hole structure or the RI of the medium in the holes [10, 11]. Here we numerically demonstrate that the leakage loss of the clad mode increases with the RI of the medium in the larger holes, which leads to the reduction of the coupling strength between the core mode and the clad mode and the changes in the magnitude of the attenuation band. The analyte is filled in the holes of the outermost layer, leaving others unfilled. There are a number of techniques for achieving selective filling, including collapsing air holes and direct manual gluing [12].
2. Theory
The transmission characteristics of an LPG-PCF can be investigated by the complex coupled mode theory [13–15]. To illustrate the leakage loss of the th clad mode in the PCF, an imaginary term should be introduced into the mode propagation constant , so the complex couple mode equation for the core mode and the th clad mode can be expressed as
and are the amplitudes of the core mode and the th clad mode, respectively. is the propagation constant of the core mode, is the grating period, is the coupling coefficient which is proportional to the average refractive index modulation and overlap integral between the two coupled modes.
When the phase matching condition is satisfied, the couple mode equation can be rewritten asEquation about can be deduced from (2):
The amplitude of the core mode is just like a damped oscillator. The transmission at the resonant wavelength of the LPG with length of can be got from (3):
3. Numerical Results
An efficient coupling between fundamental core modes LP01 and group of clad modes that have similar electric field profiles and large overlap integrals will take place by periodic perturbation along the fiber. The mode properties of the core mode LP01 and the lowest-order clad mode LP02 and the coupling between the two modes have been theoretically investigated. The electric fields of the two modes are depicted in the inset of Figure 2. In the simulation, the refractive index of silica is obtained from Sellmeier formula, the refractive index of the Ge-doped core is 0.012 higher than that of the silica, and the diameter of the doped core is 4.14 μm. The diameter of the inner four layers of air holes is = 2.65 μm, the diameter of the fifth layer holes is = 3 μm, and the hole pitch is 4.52 μm.
The finite element method (FEM) incorporating anisotropic perfectly matched layers (PML) as absorbing boundary conditions allows us to evaluate the effective index of the leaky mode in PCFs including the real and imaginary part. The imaginary part of the propagation constant of the core mode equals zero due to the fact that the doped core has higher RI. The imaginary part of the propagation constant of clad mode LP02 versus the RI of the analyte in the larger holes is plotted and shown in Figure 2. With the outermost air holes enlarged, the imaginary part of the propagation constant of mode LP02 is negligible which is decreased by ~3 orders of magnitude compared to without enlarging the holes. The clad mode is well confined by the enlarged air holes. As the RI of the analyte increases, the imaginary part () of the propagation constant of LP02 mode increases. The imaginary part of the propagation constant of LP02 increases drastically when the RI of the analyte exceeds 1.3 and increases to the same order of magnitude of at the RI of 1.33. (The grating is designed to have the coupling coefficient of 40/m−1 and coupling strength of for air in all the holes.) According to (3), the bigger the is, the slower the reaches zero. For certain grating length of , obvious increase in the transmission at the resonant wavelength can be achieved due to the dramatic growth of the imaginary part of the clad mode when the RI of the analyte exceeds 1.3.
Figure 3 shows the effect of the refractive index of the analyte in the larger holes on the real parts of the two modes propagation constants. The wavelength is 1200 nm. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the core mode is not affected by the RI of the analyte, and the real part of the propagation constant of the LP02 mode increases as the RI of the analyte increases, which will cause the blue shift of the resonant wavelength.
The shift of the resonant wavelength caused by the changes of the RI in the larger holes has been calculated by the following steps. Firstly, the real parts of the effective refractive index of LP01 and LP02 at different wavelength for certain RI in the larger holes are calculated, and then a set of periodicities that meet the phase-matching condition at given wavelengths are obtained. In Figure 4 we have plotted the calculated grating period versus the resonant wavelength for RI of 1, 1.33, and 1.34 in the larger holes. For the LPG with the period of 57.48 μm, the resonant wavelength is 1200 nm, 1176 nm, and 1169 nm, respectively. The resonant wavelength shifts 7 nm from 1176 nm to 1169 nm when the RI in the larger holes changed from 1.33 to 1.34.
To study the response of the transmission spectra to the RI in the larger holes, we calculated the transmission spectra by integrating numerically the coupled-mode-equations (1) for the RI of 1, 1.33, and 1.34, respectively. The calculated spectra are plotted in Figure 5. The position of the resonant wavelength is consistent with the result of the previous method which manifests the resonant wavelength depending on the real part of the propagation constant of the two modes. The LPG is designed to completely couple the core mode to the clad mode for the RI is 1 (air in the larger holes); hence the transmission at the resonant wavelength is equal to zero. When the RI in the larger holes increases from 1.33 to 1.34, the depth of the attenuation band decreases obviously; meanwhile the whole transmitted light power increases. Such variation is mainly caused by the increase in the imaginary part () of the propagation constant of LP02.
Supposing a broadband LD light source with spectra range of 1160 nm–1184 nm and the spectral power of 0.1 mw/nm, the integrated transmitted power over the range of 1160 nm–1184 nm would be 1.83 mw and 2.06 mw for RI of 1.33 and 1.34, respectively, which indicates the possibility using LPG based on the proposed PCF as RI sensor by interrogating the transmitted light power. The less the attenuation band shifts, the narrower the incident spectral range can be chosen and the greater the contrast the output light power has, that is, the more sensitive the sensor is. The shift of the resonant wavelength can be minimized by optimizing the air hole structure of the PCF.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, we have demonstrated the feasibility of LPG-PCF RI sensor by interrogating the transmitted light power in this paper. The transmitted light power is sensitive to the RI less than that of the silica, which just avoided the limitation that the transmitted light of LPG in conventional fiber is only sensitive to the RI of the external media higher than that of fiber clad.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work is jointly supported by National Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 60777035), National Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11204172), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education (no. 13YZ104), Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (no. S30502), and Innovation Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Committee (no. 11ZZ131).