Recent Progress in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells for Improving Efficiency: TiO₂ Nanotube Arrays in Active Layer

Figure 10

Scheme for fabricating a DSSC based on a TiO₂ nanotube membrane filled with TiO₂ nanoparticles: (a) 1st anodization, then annealing, (b) 2nd anodization and detachment of TiO₂ film, (c) ion milling, (d) filling TiO₂ nanoparticles, attaching on fluorine-doped thin oxide (FTO) glass, treating with TiCl₄, and then annealing in air, and (e) dye adsorption and fabrication of a DSSC. Reprinted with permission from [48]. Copyright 2011, Elsevier.