Characterization and Evaluation of the Improved Performance of Modified Reverse Osmosis Membranes by Incorporation of Various Organic Modifiers and SnO₂ Nanoparticles

Figure 6

AFM images of modified membrane with SnO₂ nanoparticles.

(a) TFC reference, Ra = 31 nm

(b) 0.001 wt.%, Ra = 45.5 nm

(c) 0.005 wt.%, Ra = 54 nm

(d) 0.009 wt.%, Ra = 61 nm

(e) 0.02 wt.%, Ra = 65 nm

(f) 0.08 wt.%, Ra = 68 nm