Comparison of Oxidative Stresses Mediated by Different Crystalline Forms and Surface Modification of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

Figure 1

ROS generation by different crystalline forms of TiO₂ NPs in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were exposed to the anatase and rutile forms of TiO₂ NPs, as well as nonmodified mixed crystalline TiO₂ NPs (nonmodified TiO₂) and the crystalline form of PEG modified TiO₂ NPs (PEG-TiO₂). Cells were exposed to the TiO₂ NPs for 48 h at the indicated concentrations. The results are normalized to values obtained from control HepG2 cells without NP exposure. Each plot was produced from triplicate measurements, with values presented as mean ± S.D. ().