Abstract
A polypyrrole-nanoparticles reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite layer was prepared using electrochemical method. The prepared samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The band gap of nanocomposite layers was calculated from UV-visible spectra and the thermal diffusivity of layers was measured using a photoacoustic technique. As experimental results, the optical band gap was in the range between 3.580 eV and 3.853 eV, and thermal diffusivity was increased with increasing the layer thickness from 2.873 cm2/s to 12.446 cm2/s.
1. Introduction
Thermal diffusivity is a merit parameter to explain the thermal properties of material. Thermal diffusivity is the ability to transfer thermal energy, and it is a ratio of thermal conductivity () to multiplication of heat capacity () and density (, where is density). Thermal conductivity (TC) is an important parameter for evaluating the thermal properties of solid, liquid, and thin film, but the measurement of TC is difficult [1]. Numerous methods such as thermal lens [2], photoflash [3], hotwire [4], and photopyroelectric techniques [5] have been presented to measure the thermal diffusivity properties of materials. Photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy is a versatile technique used to determine the thermal properties of material such as thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity. PA is based on the generation of sound in material due to the interaction of light with matter. Hence, it is a nondestructive test (NDT) for evaluating solids and liquid in medicine, biology, and engineering [1].
Conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PANi), polythiophene (PTp), and polypyrrole (PPy) have extended -electron conjugation [6, 7]; hence; this material is considered for scientific and technology applications such as sensors and biosensors. The conducting polymer nanostructure has attracted intense interest due to its large surface-to-volume ratio, short path length for transport of electrical charges, high electrical conductivity, and high electrochemical activity [7–9]. Polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) have particular application in sensors and biosensors [10], supercapacitors, and drug delivery. Many methods have been presented for the synthesis of PPy-NPs including swift heavy ion (SHI) [7, 11, 12], monodisperse polymer nanoparticle, chemical oxidation polymerization method, and electrochemical polymerization. The electrodeposition technique is the usual method for preparing the conducting polymer thin film because it can control the thickness of the layer, it is a simple process completed in one step, it can be used in mass production, and it has a low cost [13].
Graphene oxide (GO) is derived from graphene by depicting covalent C-O bonds. GO is two-dimensional and a single-atomic-layered material [14]. It is dispersible in organic and inorganic solutions, such as alcohol and water. GO has application in medicine [15, 16] and industry such as composites materials [17], solar cells [18], antibacterial materials [19], and optoelectronic devices [20]. The hydroxyl (OH−) and epoxy (-COO−) groups form the main functional group in GO molecules at the basal plane, and carboxyl groups (-COO−) were apperceived at the edge of the molecular structure [21, 22]. GO is not appropriate for some electronic applications because it is electrically insulating. In order to enhance the electrical properties, the GO is reduced to graphene-like structure by removing the oxygen-containing group with the recovery of a conjugated structure, that is, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [23].
The combination of conductive polymer with graphene or graphene oxide has attracted significant attention from material scientists. For example, PPy/rGO has been prepared using chemical methods for adsorption of mercury ion [24]. Polyaniline and polypyrrole with graphene sheets have been fabricated to capture CO2 [25, 26]. Hence, the combination of conductive polymer and graphene or graphene oxide has application in the environment and biosensors.
In this study, the PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layer was fabricated using the electrodeposition method. The prepared samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and UV-visible spectroscopy. Measuring the band gap of nanocomposite layers is important in the optical and thermal properties. Hence, the optical band gap of PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layers was calculated using UV-visible spectra. The thermal diffusivity of PPy-NPs/rGO layers was measured using the PA method to determine the thermal properties of layers.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Polypyrrole-Nanoparticles Decorated rGO Nanocomposite Layer (PPy-NPs/rGO)
Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using simplified Hummer’s method [27], which was employed to prepare PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite. GO is reduced during the electrodeposition process [28, 29] and reduction of GO results from enhancing electrical conductivity by restoring the -network [30]. The PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layer was synthesized by electropolymerization from an aqueous solution which contained 0.1 M pyrrole, 1 mg/mL GO, 0.1 M sodium para-toluene sulfonate (NapTS), and 1.0 mM FeCl3. The layer was deposited using a potentiostat-galvanostat (Elchema model EQCN-502 Faraday cage) at a constant potential of +0.8 V. A graphite electrode was used as the counter electrode while the working electrode was indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass, and conductive part of ITO glass was used to deposit the layer. All the potentials were referred to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The layers were prepared at different time including 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90 100, and 120 seconds to control the thickness of layers. The samples were prepared with different thicknesses, characterized using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM, Hitachi, SU8000 Series) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR, Spectrum 100, Perkin Elmer), and the thickness of layers was obtained using high surface profilometer (Ambios Technology XP-200) with a limitation of about ±10 nm. The PA method was utilized to measure the thermal diffusivity of samples.
2.2. Photoacoustic Setup
Figure 1 shows the photoacoustic setup containing a He-Ne laser (75 mW, 632.8 nm), a chopper, a mirror, a microphone with holder, a preamplifier, and a lock-in amplifier [31]. The chopper frequency was shifted from 21 Hz to 236 Hz controlled by a computer. The sample was located on a microphone, and the laser beam irradiated the film vertically. To measure the thermal diffusivity of the PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layers, the photoacoustic signals were registered using an electret microphone, connected to a preamplifier and a lock-in amplifier (Figure 1). The phase and amplitude of the signals were a function of a light beam modulation frequency, and the electret microphone registered the amplitude of the signals. Measurements were carried out at room temperature for ITO glass Si wafer and PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layers.
3. Results and Discussion
Figure 2 depicts the FT-IR spectrum for authentication of bonding the PPy-NPs and rGO. GO contains a wide range of oxygen functional groups on its basal planes and the edges of the GO sheets [32]. The spectra of GO in Figure 2 demonstrate the presence of C-O, COOH, and COC/C-OH in 1723 cm−1 and in the range of 1400–1000 cm−1 in addition to a broad and intense peak at 3355 cm−1 that corresponds to the OH peak. From the spectra of PPy-NPs/rGO, the peaks at 1514, 1430, 1119, and 1003 cm−1 correspond to the N-H bend, aromatic ring stretching, C-N stretching, and N-H out-of-plane bending of PPy, showing the presence of PPy in the nanocomposite film [32, 33]. Moreover, the absorption bands related to oxygen-containing groups on GO diminished, indicating a high degree of reduction of GO in the PPy matrix. On the other hand, the interaction of PPy-NPs and rGO is electrostatic because the negatively charged rGO, obtained from the electrostatic repulsive interaction of adjacent rGO, is attracted to the positively charged PPy [34].
Figure 3 shows the FE-SEM image of the PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layer. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) illustrate the PPy-NPs formed on basal planes of rGO. Figure 3(c) depicts the distribution and particle size of PPy-NPs in nanocomposite; it was analysed using image tools (UTHSCA, Ver. 3) software and particle size was about 43 nm. The distribution of nanoparticles was uniformly embedded on the surface of rGO, and the rGO sheet remained spread on the substrate. Consequently, the electrodeposition method is a merit technique for preparing the uniform PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layer.
Figure 4 illuminates the variation in thickness resulting from increased deposition time, and the thickness of nanocomposite layers was shifted from 6.5 nm to 618.6 nm, controlled with electrodeposition time. Figures 5(a) and 5(b) show the UV-visible spectra of PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layers. The experiments were carried out at room temperature, and the reference was ITO glass. The absorbance increased by increasing the thickness of the layer. The peaks 463 nm and 281 nm are related to the transition band of PPy-NPs and rGO, consistent with the literature [35]. The blue shift does not appear in the absorption peak due to PPy-NPs; hence, the particle size was held constant with increased thickness of the layer.
(a)
(b)
The energy band gap () of PPy-NPs/rGO was obtained with absorption spectra. To calculate the energy band gap, the Tauc relation was used [36]: where is the photon energy, is the constant, for direct band gap, and is the absorption coefficient. The absorption coefficient is a function of wavelength and thickness () as follows [37]:
The plot of versus photon energy was used to calculate the optical band gap. Figure 6 depicts the variation of versus for the PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layer with different thickness. The optical band gaps were obtained through extrapolation of the straight portion of plot () [38]. Figure 6(a) shows the variation of versus for the PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layer with different thickness controlled with electrodeposition time, extrapolation of the straight plot was done for the PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layers, and the optical band gap was calculated. Figure 6(b) illuminates the extrapolation of plot for 5 s and 120 s and the optical band gap () was in range 3.580 to 3.853 eV. The results are shown sorted in Table 1.
(a)
(b)
Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the PA signal related to the Si wafer, ITO glass, and PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layers to calibrate and measure the thermal diffusivity. To obtain the thermal diffusivity of layers, the amplitude () of the photoacoustic signals was registered by a different chopping frequency (). In accordance with photoacoustic theory, the amplitude of photoacoustic signals decreased with variation in frequency, as follows [6, 39–41]:where and are the thermal diffusivity and thickness of the layer. Hence, in Figures 7 and 8, the solid line demonstrates the theory as fitting the experimental data. The amplitude of signals decreased with increments of chopper frequency. The dotted points are experimental results and solid lines are theoretical and fitted to experimental data. To calibrate the photoacoustic setup, the thermal diffusivity of the Si wafer was measured. The PA signal presented in Figure 7(a) is equivalent to 0.9296 cm2/s consistent with the literature. As a result, the thermal diffusivity of ITO glass is 1.79 cm2/s and the thermal diffusivity of nanocomposite layers shifted from 2.873 cm2/s to 12.446 cm2/s as seen in Table 1.
(a)
(b)
Figure 9 shows the variation in thermal diffusivity versus thickness of layers. The thermal diffusivity of layers increased with increments of layer thickness. Thermal diffusivity of the samples explains transient heat scattering through the layer. When the thickness of the layer increased, the population of reduced graphene oxide sheet increased, and the layer absorbs the higher intensity of light (Figure 5). Hence, the number of phonons, which contribute to heat conductivity, increases and the phonon mean path decreases. Consequently, the thermal diffusivity increased with an increase in the thickness of the PPy-NPs/rGO nanocomposite layer.
4. Conclusions
A polypyrrole-nanoparticles reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite layer was deposited on conductive side of ITO glass using the electrochemical method. The PPy-NPs were distributed uniformly on the surface of rGO, and the rGO sheet remained spread on the substrate. The thickness of the layer shifted from 6.5 nm to 618.6 nm, and the particle size obtained from analysis of the FE-SEM image was about 43 nm. The optical band gap of the nanocomposite layers was in the range of 3.580 eV to 3.853 eV. The thermal diffusivity of the nanocomposite layers was increased with increments of layer thickness from 2.873 cm2/s to 12.446 cm2/s.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge Universiti Putra Malaysia for the fund from the Research University Grant Scheme (Putra Grant, Vote 941300) and the postdoctoral fellowship under the Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA).