Facile Solution Route to Synthesize Nanostructure Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ for High Rate Li-Ion Battery

Table 1

Summarizing different synthetic methods of nanoscale/nanostructure Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ reported in the literature.

Methods	Temperature	Scale	Morphology	Specific capacity	Ref
Sol-gel + pyrolysis step	25°C; 800°C	Nanoparticles, 5–400 nm	Versatile morphologies	142 mAh/g (C/10); 126 mAh/g (0.2C)	[14]
Hydrothermal/; + pyrolysis	400°C (300 bar); 700°C (24 h)	Nanoparticles,; 150–200 nm	Versatile morphologies	140 mAh/g (10C)	[16]
Solvothermal + pyrolysis	235°C (16 h); 500°C (3 h)	Nanoparticles,; 10–20 nm	Versatile morphologies	154 mAh/g (C/10)	[17]
Two-step process; in solution	120°C (2 h); 120°C in 10 M NaOH	1D structure, tube, 6–11 nm	Nanotube	156 mAh/g (C/10); 145 mAh/g (2C)	[18]
Hydrothermal in 10 M NaOH	180°C; 500–800°C	1D structure, tube, 6–11 nm	Nanorod	147.5 mAh/g (2.5C)	[29]
Solvothermal in Li(OH)·H2O	180°C; 500–800°C	1D structure, tube, 130 nm in diameter	Nanowire	128 mAh/g (10C)	[30]