Enhanced Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation by Bioactive Glass Functionalized Graphene Oxide Substrates

Figure 5

Adhesion and spreading patterns of rBMSCs on various samples. Immunostaining of vinculin (green), actin (red), and nuclei (blue) for rBMSCs cultured on the samples for 3 hours (a) and 1 day (b): (A) DGO, (B) 1 wt.% DGO/BG, (C) 5 wt.% DGO/BG, and (D) BG. Scale bars, 20 μm. The quantitative analysis of cell spreading area (c) and vinculin (d) on different samples. (e) Initial adhesion was evaluated by counting the number of live cells per unit area on each substrate at 3 hours and 1 day, and each group was repeated for three times (, ).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)