Nanomechanical Characterization of Amyloid Fibrils Using Single-Molecule Experiments and Computational Simulations

Table 1

Nanomechanical properties of amyloid fibrils measured from simulations and experiments.

Material	Measurement method	Length (nm)	Bending rigidity (×10^−26 N⋅m^2)	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Shear modulus (GPa)	Strength (GPa)	Ref.
fibril	Steered molecular dynamics (simulation)	3.41–17.5	7.73–37.7		5.97–6.71	4–8	[23]
fibril	Elastic network model (simulation)	10–300	~8	12–14	1.1		[22]
fibril	Molecular dynamics (simulation)	10	0.01–0.04	0.4–0.6			[24]
fibril	Cryoelectron microscopy (experiment)	500–1000	~13		0.0127		[17]
fibril	Elastic network model (simulation)	~30	21–63		4.3–5.6		[27]
β-lactoglobulin fibril	AFM imaging experiment	500–15,000	0.4–1.6	~4			[16]
β-lactoglobulin fibril	AFM indentation experiment (peak force QNM)	500–15,000		3.3			[19]
Mouse prion fibril	AFM experiments (AM-FM imaging)	>1000		0.5–1.36			[28]
α-synuclein fibril	AFM indentation (peak force QNM)	>1000					[20]
Insulin fibril	AFM bending experiment	>~1500	~9.1		~0.28		[26]
Insulin fibril	AFM imaging experiment	>~2000	~17		~0.13		[26]
HET-s prion fibril	Steered molecular dynamics (simulation)	5.38		9.8		0.917	[29]
HET-s prion fibril	Elastic network model (simulation)	8.93	0.115	1.5			[30]
Spider silk crystal	Steered molecular dynamics (simulation)	2–7	~2.8		4.6		[12]
Spider silk crystal	Steered molecular dynamics (simulation)			30–70			[31]